决定和影响利率的主要因素, 结合利率发挥作用应具备的条件,论述我国应如何充分发挥利率的作用
推荐回答(2个)
关于利率发挥作用须具备的条件:①市场化的利率决定机制;②灵活的利率联动机制; ③适当的利率水平; ④合理的利率结构。
利率发挥作用不是无条件的。它一方面要受到利率管制、授信限额、市场开放程度、利率弹性等环境性因素的影响,另一方面还要具备完善的利率机制,其中包括市场化的利率决定机制、灵活的利率联动机制、适当的利率水平、合理的利率结构等。如果利率机制本身存在缺陷,那么利率的杠杆性作用也很难发挥出来,因此,在我国社会主义市场经济条件下,要充分发挥利率的杠杆性作用,就是要强调市场在利率决定中的作用,使政府对利率的调控间接化。中央银行应建立以经济手段和法律手段为主的间接调控体系,从而使三大货币政策工具都能影响利率,并使反映市场供求的利率水平和利率结构符合国民经济和整个社会发展的需要;商业银行体系对利率的升降变化应有相当的灵敏度;微观经济主体的融资行为要建立在健全的利益机制基础上,且对利率有较高的弹性。只有从几个方面逐步进行改革,才能改善现有利率机制,充分发挥利率对我国经济的作用。-
1.利率决定因素:
西方经济学家一般认为利息率是由供求均衡点决定的,如认为由资本供求所决定的实际利率论、由货币供求所决定的流动偏好论以及由借贷资金的供求关系决定的可贷资金论等。
与之相对,马克思认为利息率的高低取决于两个因素:一是利润率;二是总利润在贷款人和借款人之间进行分配的比例,这一比例的确定主要取决于借贷双方的供求关系及其竞争。
2.利率影响因素:
现代市场经济的环境错综复杂,许多因素都与利率息息相关,影响利率变化的因素有经济因素、政策因素与制度因素。
经济因素包括经济周期、通货膨胀、税收;
政策因素包括一国的货币政策、财政政策、汇率政策等,其中,以货币政策对利率变动的影响最为直接与明显;
制度因素主要指利率管制。
3.利率发挥作用的条件
关于利率发挥作用的制约因素 :
①利率管制 ;②授信限量;
③市场开放程度; ④利率弹性。
关于利率发挥作用须具备的条件:
①市场化的利率决定机制;
②灵活的利率联动机制;
③适当的利率水平;
④合理的利率结构。
近年来,我国政府对利率的管理在方法上更为多样,手段上更为灵活,并适时根据经济形势调整利率,对宏观经济进行调控。
但从总体上看,我国经济社会中利率作用的发挥还受到一定的限制,其中最主要的是利率形成机制没有实现市场化。
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