it —— 代词,单数。主要用于指代前面提到过的某件事和作形式主语。例:
I read a book yesterday. It is a good one.(it 指代 a book)
It is important to learn English well.(it 作形式主语,指代 to learn English well.)
this —— 1. 指示代词,单数;2. 指示形容词,后接名词。词义为“这”、“这个”。例:
This is a good book.(指示代词)
I like this book.(指示形容词)
there —— 副词,在倒装句型 there be 中处于“主语”位置。例:
There is a house by the river. (= A house is there by the river.)