推荐回答(4个)
唐诗与宋诗的比较基本上宋诗、唐诗虽是各富风采,但因为宋人以诗馀(词)为先,诗反而成为配角了,因此唐诗不仅数量上胜过宋诗,在素材上也多于宋诗.宋诗有以下特色: 1.从艺术旨趣和风格看,宋诗主要向理想、显露和精细方面发展,这是宋诗较精之处. 2.宋诗倾向议论化、散文化. 3.派别多. 4.诗话多. 5.消失了唐代悲壮的边塞派的作风,但是整鍊规矩,无唐诗有时不工整之病. 6.消失了唐代感伤的社会派的作风,但描写越发细致,无唐诗有时粗率之病. 7.失去了唐代哀豔的闺怨宫怨诗的作风,很多诗人描写时特别冲淡,无唐人豪迈意气的作风. 8.不同於唐代缠绵活泼的情诗的作风,宋诗中有一种充满画意的诗(题画诗). 9.宋诗之弊:模拟、诗话、诗派杂.其中各诗派还成为相互竞逐甚至批判的情形,这与唐诗诗人各派之间相互共融的情形颇为不同. 10.词本作为诗馀却反而越居诗的上位. 唐宋诗可作以下比较:唐诗:主情、蕴蓄,表现上韵流言外,风格上多比兴,作法上婉而微,词评论方面诗论少. 宋诗:主理、发露,表现上意尽其中,风格上多赋,作法上径以直,词评论方面诗论精. 宋诗的派别及人物(後有**记号者为反江西之诗派) 1.西昆-宗李义山,代表为杨亿、刘筠、钱惟演.五七言近体,以「雕章丽句」为主. 2.晚唐体-宗晚唐贾岛、姚合,代表为寇准、林逋、魏野.多隐士和尚,五律为主,重构思,以轻丽小巧之辞,写眼前景,抒情苦琐细之意. 3.白居易体-宗白居易,代表为王禹偁、徐铉.「闲中取适」,切近易晓.及「惟歌生民病」. 4.唐体(复古派)-宗杜、韩,代表为欧阳修、梅尧臣、苏舜钦.重视创作古体,追求散文笔法. 5.元佑体(革新派)-代表为苏轼、黄庭坚、王安石.使诗走向散文化、议论化. 6.江西派-宗杜甫,代表为黄庭坚、陈师道、陈与义.「以故为新」发展为「点铁成金」「夺胎换骨」. 7.理学派-宗邵雍,代表为程颐、张载、朱熹.以「道学」为诗.** 8.中兴四诗人-宗江西派,代表为陆游、杨万里、范成大、尤袤.多爱国题材及深入农村. 9.永嘉派-宗晚唐贾岛、姚合,代表为徐照(灵晖)、徐玑(灵渊)、翁卷(灵舒)、赵师秀(灵秀). 忌用典故,不发议论,主张「以浮声切响单字只句计巧拙」破江西之生硬拗捩.** 10.江湖派-宗晚唐五代,代表为刘克庄、戴复古、方岳.多名士山人.** 11.晚宋遗民诗-文天祥、谢枋得、谢翱、林景熙. 宋初以来,宋诗仍受残唐诗风的影响,尚未出现具体新创的系统.真正的宋诗,是由宋真宗、仁宗时代的欧阳脩及其好友梅尧臣开其端.欧、梅之後,出现了两个宋诗大宗——王安石与苏轼.苏轼的门生黄庭坚後来的影响超过苏轼,形成了所谓「江西诗派」.江西诗派除了黄庭坚之外,还有陈师道、陈与义两大诗人.南、北宋之文,江西诗派的影响笼罩大半诗坛,流弊也因之而生.南宋三大诗人——陆游、范成大、杨万里刚好出现在这一阶段.他们都受江西诗派影响,也都想在江西诗派之外另谋出路.在他们之後,宋诗走向没落.以上所提诸人——欧阳脩、梅尧臣、王安石、苏轼.黄庭坚、陈师道.陈与义、陆游、范成大、杨万里——可说是宋诗的大宗,其中苏、黄、陆三人尤其重要,是可以跟唐代的李、杜、韩(愈)、白(居易)并称的大诗人. 缪钺曾说过:唐诗以韵深,故浑雅,而贵酝藉空灵;宋诗以意胜,故精能,而贵深析透辟. 唐诗之美在情辞,故丰腴;宋诗之美在气骨,故瘦劲. 鲁迅先生说过:“我以为一切好诗到唐已被做完,以后倘非能翻出如来掌心之齐天大圣,大可不必动手.”而宋诗的代表作家如王安石、苏轼、黄庭坚、陆游等,正是“能翻出如来掌心之齐天大圣”,在极高的起点之上,苦心孤诣终于唐诗双峰并峙,各领风骚,亦不能不为后人称道……![](/picurl?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com%2Fb7003af33a87e950fea64e341b385343fbf2b431%3Fx-bce-process%3Dimage%252Fresize%252Cm_lfit%252Cw_600%252Ch_800%252Climit_1%252Fquality%252Cq_85%252Fformat%252Cf_auto)
钱钟书先生在《谈艺录》中曾有精辟论述:唐诗、宋诗,亦非仅朝代之别,乃体格性分之殊。天下有两种人,斯分两种诗。唐诗多以丰神情韵擅长,宋诗多以筋骨思理见胜。严仪卿首倡断代言诗,《沧浪诗话》即有“本朝人尚理,唐人尚意兴”云云。
曰唐曰宋,特举大概而言,为称谓之便。非曰唐诗必出唐人,宋诗必出宋人也。故唐之少陵、昌黎、香山、东野,实唐人之开宋调者;宋之柯山、白石、九僧、四灵,则宋人之有唐音者。
从钱先生的论述中可以看出,虽然说唐朝与宋朝,只是前后朝的关系,但唐诗、宋诗却不只是在朝代上有区别,还包括诗的格律、表现内容及形势、题材、语言等等方面的区别,总之唐诗与宋诗,在风格上是不一样的。
唐诗重在说情,宋诗重在说理;唐诗多数是浪漫豪放的,宋诗的浪漫豪放情怀少一些。唐诗宋诗的风格与时代有关,并不是用时间段来区分;唐诗从韩孟诗派起下启宋调,而宋朝也有传承唐音者。
并不是说唐诗就是唐朝人所作,宋诗就是宋朝人所作。比如唐朝的杜甫、昌黎、香山、东野等人实际上写的是宋诗的风格,而宋朝的柯山、白石、九僧、四灵,写的却是唐诗的风格。
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唐宋诗之争,起于南宋.张戒在《岁寒堂诗话》中首次区分唐宋诗的界限,其后永嘉四灵、江湖派诗人及严羽、方回等理论家都对唐、宋诗的差异作出了辨析.其中以南宋严羽在《沧浪诗话》中总结的“本朝人尚理,唐人尚意兴”影响最大.但将严羽的这一概括系统化、理论化,则是由推崇唐诗的明代复古诗论家们完成的.清初的诗坛以学习宋诗为主.
诗分唐宋(唐又分初、盛、中、晚)以来,赞成反对者争辩不休.今人钱钟书认为,“诗分唐宋乃风格性分之殊,非朝代之别”;“唐诗多以丰神情韵擅长,宋诗多以筋骨思理见胜,……非曰唐诗必出唐人,宋诗必出宋人也”;“夫人禀性,各有偏至,发为声诗,高明者近唐,沉潜者近宋”;“一生之中,少年才气发扬,遂为唐体,晚节思虑深沉,乃染宋调”(《谈艺录》.
李泽厚说:“少喜唐音,老趋宋调”.
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