推荐回答(1个)
酸性土壤是pH值小于7的土壤总称。包括砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤、黄壤和燥红土等土类。我国热带、亚热带地区,广泛分布着各种红色或黄色土壤的酸性土壤。当地气温高、雨量大,年降雨多在1500mm以上。这种高温多雨、湿热同季的特点,使土壤的风化和成土作用均甚强烈,生物物质的循环十分迅速。盐基高度不饱和,pH一般在4.5-6。同时铁铝氧化物有明显积聚,土壤酸瘦。可通过正确施肥,注意保持水土,改良土壤。可施用石灰,调节pH来减少某些重金属元素 [1] 危害。东南丘陵地区的酸性红壤适宜种植茶树等酸性作物。
酸性土壤的主要障碍因子是低pH值,游离铝和交换性铝浓度过高(铝毒),还原态锰浓度过高(锰毒),缺磷、钾、钙和镁,有时也缺钼。各种障碍因子在不同生态条件下其危害程度不同,有时只是某一因素起主导作用,而有时则是几种因素的综合作用。例如,在热带和亚热带一些强酸性土壤中,H十可对植物生长造成直接危害,而在pH>4的酸性土壤中,铝的毒害和缺磷会同时出现;在淹水条件下还兼有锰的毒害作用。我国南方酸性土壤经常发生铝和锰对多种植物的毒害作用,以及普遍的严重缺磷现象。
当土壤pH 6的条件下,其他形态的可溶性铝,如Al (0H)3+和Al (OH)4-数量很多。当土壤溶液中可溶性铝离子浓度超过一定限度时,植物根就会表现出典型的中毒症状:根系生长明显受阻,根短小,出现畸形卷曲,脆弱易断。在植株地上部往往表现出缺钙和缺铁的症状。
在酸性土壤中,除铝和锰毒害外,磷、钾、钙、镁、钼等养分缺乏也是植物必须克服的障碍因素。对于养分缺乏,植物有增加根系对养分的吸收,增强养分的短距离运输和长距离运输,以及提高体内有限养分的生理功效等适应机理。对于不同的养分元素,植物的适应机理也不尽相同。
酸性土壤的改良方法:
1、增施农家肥,培养土壤肥力 作物种植前,以农家肥为主施足底肥,增加土壤中的有机质,改善土壤通透性,促进根际微生物活动,促使土壤中难溶性矿物质元素变为可溶性的养料,达到培肥地力的效果。2、适时增施石灰 酸性田在整地时,逐年施入石灰,每年每亩施入10至 40公斤 ,直到变为微酸性或中性土壤为止。3、种植耐酸作物 常种绿豆、油菜、荞麦、和水稻等耐酸性作物。通过整地管理使土壤活化来调整土壤酸度。4、实行水旱轮作,改善理化性状,改进栽培技术,防止水土流失,酸性土实行水旱轮作(2至3年换一次),可以改善土壤耕性和理化性状,栽培中实行播后盖膜,调整复种方式(比如水稻—水稻—水稻,改为油菜—水稻—水稻),选用碱性肥料(如碳铵、氨水)达到改良目的。 而小苏打即碳酸氢钠,又叫酸式碳酸钠,属酸式盐,化学式为NaHCO3。人们通常可以用它来发面包、制汽水和做灭火剂,由于它不含植物生长大量需要的氮磷钾,所以不能用它改良土壤。
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