推荐回答(2个)
评说柳永,不管你怎样看待,也得承认他是中国文学史上首屈一指的风流才子。李白有才气,苏轼也风流。若要也才子,也风流,且把才气与风流玩得出云入画,游刃有余。恐怕李白与苏轼是难以望及柳永的项背。 柳永不仅是个风流才子,还是个屡试不中的补习生,常喝常醉的酒鬼,出没秦楼楚馆的浪子,仕途坎坷的小官,“奉旨填词”的专业词人,浪迹江湖的游客,自命不凡的“白衣卿相”,歌楼妓女的铁哥,放荡不羁的花花公子,市井街头的自由撰稿人,惹怒皇帝的笨蛋,不修边幅的小丑,敢恨敢爱的汉子,无室无妻的光棍,创新发展宋词的巨匠。
柳永(987?——1052?),原名三变,字耆卿,崇安(今福建省崇安县)人。少聪颖,谙识音律。是中国文学史上着力写词的作家,他的词把汉魏乐府中游子弟思妇题材同唐五代词中男女情爱与离愁别绪的描写结合起来,自铸一格。他吸收了六朝小赋的表现特点,创造了层层铺叙、恣意渲染的艺术手法。他发展了词的长调体制,为宋词的发展开创出新的局面。 柳永初到汴京应试,因擅为歌词,作了许多绮艳之词,流传很广,为守旧文人歧视。柳永两次应考皆不中,遂落拓京师。当时城市经济繁荣,市民阶层迅速增长,舞榭歌楼很多,朝野竟为歌声。柳永曾漫游汴京、临安、苏州等繁华城市,出入烟花柳巷,与妓女、乐工为友。柳永的词多写当时市民的生活情景,涉及时速政治与人民疾苦者很少;其中数量最多、艺术成就最高的,是反映妇女生活愿望和男女恋情的词;记述胜景与描写风光之作也很多;柳永长期被排斥于官场之外,穷困潦倒,辗转流浪,他的一些表现羁旅行役的词也写得很精工。 柳永的词长于铺叙,善用白描,无论写景、叙事、抒情,都写得淋漓尽致,情辞婉转。柳词的语言不用典故,不讲典雅,不避俚俗。全是市井浅语,却能状难写之景,达难叙之情。他的词在当时影响极广,相传“凡有井水饮处,即能歌柳词”XP:相当于现代的流行音乐。 苏轼(1037——1101),字子瞻,号东坡居士,眉山(今四川省眉山县)人。是欧阳修之后的文坛领袖,多才多艺,诗、词、文、书、画都是一代大师,著述十分丰富。苏轼的词在中国词史上有特殊的地位,他的词在题材内容、表现方法、语言运用、风格特色等各个方面,都有新的突破。所谓“词至东坡,倾荡磊落,如诗,如文,如天地奇观”。 在内容上,苏词冲破了“艳科”的藩篱,扩大了词境,提高了词品。举凡怀古、感旧、记游、说理等题材,他都用词来表达。苏轼也写爱情词,但不是青楼狎妓,也不是柳永风调,而是风格清丽,感情真挚,词境与词品与婉约派不大相同。北宋时期正是柳永词几风靡的时代,苏轼有意以自己新人耳目之作,力矫柳永的轻软。他不仅以豪放词开一代新风,同时他的各种风格词作,都有精妙佳品。 苏轼发展了词律,打破了声律的束缚。当然,苏轼并非不讲声律,只是“不喜剪裁以就声律”。他以能够抒情达意为标准,因而他的不少词虽不太协律合腔,但历来传唱不衰。苏轼的创调与柳永不同,柳永所创慢词词词调,是轻软的,苏轼所创是雄壮的。 此外,苏轼的语言、形式上也有创新。苏词的语言清新朴素,简洁畅达,不似柳词之俚俗,更没有花间词人的脂粉气,以清雄韶秀见长。他多方面吸收前人诗句入词,还摭拾经子史传旁及杂家小说语言,有时还间杂当时口语打破了只有香软绮丽字眼方能入词的传统风气。 参考资料:修改自高等教育出版社出版的《中国古代文学》一书
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