正史中的雍正究竟是怎么死的呢?

2025-02-14 18:55:38
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

关于雍正皇帝之死,史书中只是简单记载说,前一天,雍正在圆明园行宫病重,第二天下午病危,急召大臣,当晚就死了。究竟是什么原因导致雍正皇帝的死亡,史书中却没有记载。大学士张廷玉在《自订年谱》中记述雍正帝之死时说雍正皇帝死前并没有病重之迹。直到雍正皇帝死亡的当夜十时许,张廷玉忽然被急召进宫,才知皇帝已濒弥留,而且当时雍正皇帝七窍流血,令他“惊骇欲绝”。雍正皇帝暴卒的原因不明自然就引起了人们的猜测,关于他的死因,历来也是众说纷纭。概括起来主要有以下几种。

第一种说法出自稗官野史《清宫十三朝》,书中记载雍正是被一个名为吕四娘的女子杀死的。

当时一个叫做吕留良的人因文字狱被雍正戮尸,他的家人都遭到了严惩。但是传说他的女儿吕四娘(也有说孙女的)逃跑了,她习学武艺,后来潜入宫中,取了雍正的首级,所以有雍正的尸身无头的说法。

但雍正处置吕家除了戮尸、斩首之外,就是流放,吕家的后人杀了雍正的可能性实际上很小。

第二种说法是雍正是被曹雪芹和他的情人毒死的。这种说法是霍国玲、霍纪平姐弟二人在1989年出版的《红楼解梦》一书中提出的。霍氏姐弟很喜欢读《红楼梦》,反复阅读之后他们认为金陵十二钗都是曹雪芹情人竺香玉的分身。

竺香玉被雍正看上了并带回了宫里。可是曹雪芹和竺香玉依旧深爱彼此,他们就想杀了雍正皇帝。曹雪芹混入宫中和竺香玉一起就寻找了一个机会把雍正皇帝给毒死了。然而史书所记载的雍正皇帝的后妃中并没有姓竺,这种说法的可信度其实也不高。

第三个说法出自《梵天庐从录》,书中说雍正是被宫女和太监勒死的。一宫女和太监吴首义、霍成等,趁雍正熟睡之际,用绳子将其勒死。这个传闻与明朝嘉靖皇帝很相似。嘉靖二十一年,宫女杨金英等人趁嘉靖皇帝熟睡用绳子勒住了他的脖子,幸运的是嘉靖皇帝气未绝并御医救了回来。

有些人认为雍正与嘉靖的庙号都是“世宗”,宫女勒死雍正的说法,实际上是张冠李戴。历史上的确也没有关于雍正被谋刺的记载。

第四种说法则是雍正是服食丹药致死的。这种说法是近代学者研究之后提出的。杨乃济先生《雍正帝死于丹药中毒旁证》一文,就认为雍正是死于丹药中毒。这种说法也是目前较为可靠的说法。

雍正皇帝和历朝历代的很多帝王一样向往长生不老。他很相信道教,专门请了道士为自己炼丹。专门记载皇宫日用物品使用情况的清宫《活计档》记载了雍正炼丹的情况。在雍正八年到十三年的五年间,雍正先后157次下旨向圆明园运送炼丹所需物品,平均每个月有两三次,可见雍正对炼丹的痴迷。雍正长期服用道士所炼的“长生不老之药”,这些丹药中汞、铅、朱砂等矿石含量较高,又都是高温烧煅而成,热性很大,长期服用体内大量积毒,必然会损害人的身体。而雍正勤于政务,事无大小,无不亲力亲为,晚年私生活有失节制,甚至乱服春药,身体亏损严重,当时朝鲜参赞官洪景辅就曾向朝鲜国王禀报说,雍正沉淫女色,病入膏肓,自腰以下不能运用者矣。雍正皇帝在身体很虚弱的情况下仍大量服食丹药,最终猝死的可能性是很大的。

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