推荐回答(2个)
玉一般分二大类,即软玉及硬玉
1. 软玉:
(a)产地:中国很多地方都有,而以新疆一带的白玉最为出名。
(b)颜色:深禄、浅绿、白色、奶黄等.
(c)品种:白玉、岫岩玉、青玉
(d)外表光泽:油脂光
(e)产品:雕件、手镯、吊坠、佩件等。
2.硬玉(翡翠):
一般统称缅甸翡翠玉,因主要产地在缅甸之故。
(a)产地:缅甸境内,在山上称为山石,在河底称为水石。
(b)颜色:绿、紫、红、黄、黑、白等。
(c)品种:老坑种、玻璃种、冰种、豆青、油青、白底青、芙蓉种 、乾青及新坑等。
(d)外表光泽:次玻璃光.
(e)产品:手镯、雕件、吊坠、珠链、花件等等。 因为缅甸翡翠玉的优质原石产量越来越稀少,而-般 玉石材料由于含有较多杂质及氧化物,成品较多瑕疵,故制造商在十多年前发明以化学方法将其缥白再以树脂充填 ,令产品更漂亮,所以有B 货之称,而染色者则为c货。 现概括如下:
A 货: 原石原色,不经化学处理的玉器上丁可以世代相传,其价 格亦较高。现在优质老坑种翡翠玉在国际拍卖中的价格每 创新高,因产量越来越少之故。
B 货: 经化学漂白再充填树脂的玉器,现在市场亦接受其作为优 化处理的宝石,而其价格亦较相宜,可作装饰的宝石用。
C 货: 染色的玉,只能当作人造宝石。
B+C货: 经化学漂白再充填树脂后染色的玉,亦只能当是人造宝石。
一般说来还是古玉最好,中国玉石文化源远流长,据查考古资料远在新玉器时代就已出现了玉器。而古玉器即为历代帝皇将相及庶民所喜爱,直到21世纪的今天,我国人民仍保持着敬玉、爱玉、惜玉的心理。人们还普遍认为,佩带古玉可以起到辟邪、防险、活血强体和长寿的作用。
何为古玉?从广义上讲,泛指清代以前玉器即可称为古玉。具体断代则按历史年代特征、纹饰刀工、器形沁色划分。鉴别古玉首先要看沁色与蚀斑,出土的古玉,久埋地层,经受各种不同化学成份的侵蚀,局部或全部改变了原来的颜色,而被染上了红黑白绿黄灰褐等多种沁色。有无沁色是鉴别新、古玉器的一个重要关键。沁色也有真假之别,真沁者,透肌入骨,与玉浑然一体,直浸玉里,光泽、透明度不减,玉器古朴庄重,温润而富有宝石光泽。而由人为染造假沁者,则色调呆滞,不自然、透明度差,无论如何盘玩,亦不会产生羊脂状宝光。
所谓蚀斑,则由于玉器久埋地下受化学成份浸蚀而形成。玉器表面有腐蚀剥落现象,可呈片状脱落的、可呈坑点状凹陷和形成孔洞的。由于沁色与蚀斑形成机理相同,所以沁色和蚀斑基本上成正比,有沁色者一般随有不同程度的蚀斑,而沁色越深则蚀斑相对越重。玉器的蚀斑也有造假的,伪造者用强酸腐蚀斑器,使斑器表面形成人为“蚀斑”。由于真假成因不同,假造者一般蚀斑均匀分布于玉器表面,深浅轻重大致相同。真蚀斑者,天然形成于玉器结构松散部位,腐蚀深度大小轻重不一,自然而然,所以较好辨认。
古玉鉴别的另一方面,则要观察玉器表面的刀痕和刀势。古代没有今天科学发达,琢玉者多采用落后的锐器制玉,在玉器表面反复刻划,其刀痕多为阴线工(表面凹陷的沟状线条),上宽下尖,剖面呈V字型,这是古玉刀痕的重要特征。而仿古玉,多用现代机械小沙轮磨制,其张条剖面上下同宽而底圆,刀痕呈U字型。玉器刀势方面,古玉者功力深厚,刀痕线条圆转流畅,刀工回勾有力,一气呵成。仿古者,由于功底腕力不足,刀势无力,线条呆滞死板,走刀极不自然,往往有线条走偏或修改现象。
玉器表面光泽,也是鉴别古、新玉石的主要环节。古玉由于年代久远,火燥之气尽消,呈现出内的光泽,深沉而柔和。新玉由于刚发新刃,火燥之气未除,光泽外在、上浮,与古玉光泽相比往往太亮。古、新玉器的光泽区别,用通俗比喻说的话,古玉光泽呈“油脂性”,而新玉即为“玻璃状”光泽。
以上所谈几方面是鉴别古玉的几种简单、实用方法,提供给喜爱玩玉的同道和刚踏入古玉领域的朋友们参考,并在购买古玉时不致于吃亏上当
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