推荐回答(2个)
根据部位和血栓组分的不同,血栓大致可分为以下几种类型:
1、白色血栓: 发生于血流速度较快的部位(如动脉、心室),白色血栓主要由许多聚集呈珊瑚状的血小板小梁构成,纤维素和红细胞含量相对较少。
2、红色血栓: 发生在血流极度缓慢或者停止之后,它不论在机理还是形态上都与体外血液凝固过程相似。纤维素网眼内充满如正常血液分布的血细胞。
3、混合血栓: 呈红色与白色条纹层层相间,白色血栓与红色血栓交替形成即成混合性血栓,常表现为一个血栓不断形成的过程。在二尖瓣狭窄和心房纤维颤动时,左心房内形成的血栓就是混合血栓。
4、透明血栓 主要由纤维素构成,这种血栓发生于微循环小血管内,只能在显微镜下见到,故又称微血栓。
血栓是血流在心血管系统血管内面剥落处或修补处的表面所形成的小块。在可变的流体依赖型(variable flow dependent patterns)中,血栓由不溶性纤维蛋白,沉积的血小板,积聚的白细胞和陷入的红细胞组成。 血栓形成的机理 心、血管内膜损伤 (1)内膜受到损伤时,内皮细胞发生变性、坏死脱落,内皮下的胶原纤维裸露,从而激活内源性凝血系统的Ⅻ因子,内源性凝血系统被激活。 (2)损伤的内膜可以释放组织凝血因子,激活外源性凝血系统。 (3)受损伤的内膜变粗糙,使血小板易于聚集,主要黏附于裸露的胶原纤维上。 血流改变 血流变慢和血流产生漩涡等。 血液性质改变 主要是指血液凝固性增高,见于血小板和凝血因子增多。如在严重创伤、产后及大手术后。 血栓分类 1.白色血栓(pale thrombus)发生于血流较速的部位(如动脉、心室)或血栓形成时血流较速的时期〔如静脉混合性血栓的起始部,即延续性血栓(propagating thrombus)的头部〕。镜下,白色血栓主要由许多聚集呈珊瑚状的血小板小梁构成,其表面有许多中性白细胞粘附,形成白细胞边层,推测是由于纤维素崩解产物的趋化作用吸引而来。血小板小梁之间由于被激活的凝血因子的作用而形成网状的纤维素,其网眼内含有少量红细胞。肉眼观呈灰白色,表面粗糙有波纹,质硬,与血管壁紧连。 血栓 2.混合血栓(mixed thrombus)静脉的延续性血栓的主要部分(体部),呈红色与白色条纹层层相间,即是混合性血栓。其形成过程是:以血小板小梁为主的血栓不断增长以致其下游血流形成漩涡,从而再生成另一个以血小板为主的血栓,在两者之间的血液乃发生凝固,成为以红细胞为主的血栓。如是交替进行,乃成混合性血栓。在二尖瓣狭窄和心房纤维颤动时,在左心房可形成球形血栓;这种血栓和动脉瘤内的血栓均可见到灰白色和红褐色交替的层状结构,称为层状血栓,也是混合性血栓。 3.红色血栓(red thrombus)发生在血流极度缓慢甚或停止之后,其形成过程与血管外凝血过程相同。因此,红色血栓见于混合血栓逐渐增大阻塞管腔,局部血流停止后,往往构成延续性血栓的尾部。镜下,在纤维素网眼内充满如正常血液分布的血细胞。肉眼观呈暗红色。新鲜的红色血栓湿润,有一定的弹性,陈旧的红色血栓由于水分被吸收,变得干燥,易碎,失去弹性,并易于脱落造成栓塞。 4.透明血栓(hyaline thrombus)这种血栓发生于微循环小血管内,只能在显微镜下见到,故又称微血栓,主要由纤维素构成,见于弥散性血管内凝血。
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