什么叫异常低价,他的界定范围?

2025-02-14 06:09:06
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

恶意低价竞标是不法供应商逐利的典型手段之一。 所谓恶意低价竞标,是指参与政府采购项目的供应商无意诚信履约,只是利用政府采购的低价优先原则,以报出不合理低价为手段,以占据低价优势或牟取中标为条件,以损害采购人利益和破坏正常采购秩序为代价,通过贿赂、胁迫、私下交易等方式攫取不正当利益的邪恶行为。 恶意低价竞标的形式特征是报价畸低,通常不足政府采购预算的70%,有些甚至低至政府采购预算的40%,根本不能承载诚信履约的责任;本质特征是以优惠让利为名,行损人利己之实,其利益不是因诚信履约获得,而是从不法途径牟取,危害性极大。笔者总结多年招标工作经验,就提几点建议。 对异常低价设防 采购人有权根据采购标的物的具体情况,在招标文件中将低于采购预算一定比例(例如80%或以下)的报价设定为异常低价,并赋予异常低价报价人一项附加义务,即异常低价报价人必须对其价格构成做出合理解释,提交相关证据。此外,财政部公布的《政府采购法》实施十年来所取得的10%的综合节资率,可以作为界定异常低价的参考。 强化价格评审 即要强化对报价合理性与完整性的审查,而不是只评不审,对任何报价都不加质疑地盲目接受。严谨的报价是经过周密的核算得出来的,应当包括货物的进货或原料成本,加工、仓储和运输成本,材料损耗和设备折旧成本,安装、调试和维护成本,投入项目人员的工资、福利、社保等人工成本,企业税负和财务成本,风险准备和合理利润等多种构成因素。在评标办法中,应当设置价格审查的专项条款,列举需要审查的价格构成要素,要求评标委员会对异常低价给予重点审查。凡不能合理解释价格构成因素的异常低价,评标委员会可以直接判定为低于成本报价,剥夺其中标资格。低于成本报价涉嫌不正当竞争和价格违法,应当依法受到追究,不应成为竞标优势和质疑中标价格的理由。 设定弃标赔偿责任 中标人的任何弃标行为都是违约行为(不可抗力导致的除外),都应依据《政府采购货物和服务招标投标管理办法》(财政部令第18号)第75条和第76条规定承担民事责任。中标人放弃中标后,为了避免重新招标导致的时间延误和社会成本增加,顺延中标应当是采购人的首选。顺延中标如果导致合同价格抬升,采购人将蒙受合同价格损失。招标文件可以将顺延中标人的报价高于弃标人报价的部分,界定为弃标人给采购人造成的合同价格损失。恶意弃标行为出现后,采购人有权要求弃标人依法承担赔偿合同价格损失的责任。设定弃标赔偿责任,弃标人不仅要损失投标保证金,还要赔偿合同差价。 端正认识 依法监管 在价格评审不能突破采购预算的制约下,任何中标价都不可能是绝对意义上的高价。如果没有其他违法违规情节,“高价”中标无可置疑。低价并不代表廉洁和正义,其背后可能隐藏罪恶。对于涉及“高价”中标的质疑、投诉或举报,监管部门应该严格依法处理。在没有事实根据、法律依据、有效证据的前提下,不做项目可能存在问题的判断,不做暂停项目实施的决定,让恶意低价竞标者的诡计无机可乘。对于恶意投诉要坚决予以驳回,对于可以认定的不法行为要果断追究,严肃惩戒。

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