素描的观察方法的观察方法

2025-04-02 01:38:26
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

不对焦到任何一个局部,把视线散开,看到所画静物的全貌。整体的观察也是一种感性的观察,不经过任何分析,好比下雨天隔着玻璃看窗外的风景一般。你看到的是整体的印象,模糊的感觉。通过整体观察可以很快的确定构图,即物体在画纸上模糊的形象,也是作画的第一步。整体看就要求整体地画。打形的过程就是从整体观察过渡到局部观察的过程。比如,远距离看一个人,你所看到就是一个整体,你对他的印象就是他的高矮胖瘦,然后慢慢地走近他,你看到的是他的性别、年龄、衣着;再近一些,你看到他脸上的表情以及他的眼神。整体的观察就要求你与所画对象保持一定距离的前提下,先别看局部和细节,先看到的是整体,然后要学会控制你的视线。在作画过程中,要与所画静物保持一定的距离,还要经常退远看看自己的画面效果。初学画画的人最常出现的问题就是喜欢局部观察,直接导致局部描绘。从而破坏了画面的整体。
人的视觉有直觉、感觉、错觉、幻觉……如果你把直接看到的图形不经过任何分析就画上去,肯定会出现一系列的问题。比如说从侧面看静物,你的脑海总要还原静物正面时的印象,这就会产生错觉;比如向左倾斜的线条突然向右折,但是向右折的线条的倾斜度还是向左,你的感觉会认为它是向右的;再比如俯视看静物,后面的静物比前的静物小,但它要比前面的静物要高,你可能会觉得小的静物就应该比大的静物矮;再比如透视规律是俯视时近低远高,仰视时近高远低,如果俯视和仰视的角度很低时,你会把它们刚好颠倒。针对上述问题,可以借助水平线、垂直线、关联线这三种辅助线使你的观察变得理性。这也是把形打准最好的方法。
理性主义认为一个画面或者画面上的一个物体,最黑和最白的地方只有一个,这就是通过比较得出的结论。在一个画面中,没有两块相同的颜色,比较的观察贯穿整个画面。比较不仅要学会从宏观比较到微观比较:比较物体与物体、物体与背景、前面与后面、左边与右边、上面与下面、单个物体块面的比较、暗面色调的比较、亮面与灰面的比较;比较高低长短、薄厚大小、光源距离光感、不同静物的质感和色调、体积感、空间感等。虚实、明暗、强弱、大小、刚柔、最明处、最暗处、最虚处、最实处等都要时刻比较着画,才能使各个局部互相联系起来,画面才能更加整体。
面对一个物体,尤其是石膏几何体,当你很难确认它的线条倾向的时候,你就走到它正面的位置,然后往左边走边看,再往右转,你就会发现线条的变化规律。在素描石膏几何体的教学过程中,只要掌握了这个方法,学生很快就能找到自己画面中的问题。
透过布面,透析到立方体的形体结构,这需要我们对立方体的基本构造有深刻的理解,才能表现好立方体的形体结构。透过现象看到本质,透过衣纹看到结构。特别是画人物速写时,这个方法很重要。

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