对外贸易的英文文献 及翻译

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我国服务贸易发展的现状与对策

摘要：服务贸易正逐渐成为全球经济竞争的重点。加入WTO以后,我国服务贸易获得了一定的发展,但也存在着一些问题。只有制定有效的措施，才能推动我国服务贸易的发展。
关键词：服务贸易；现状；对策

上世纪末以来，全球经济竞争的重点正从货物贸易转向服务贸易，服务业发达的程度成为衡量现代化水平的重要标志。目前，我国已进入全面建设小康社会的发展阶段，必须大力发展服务业，并把扩大服务业领域的对外开放作为我国更广泛地参与国际竞争、融入经济全球化的重要内容。
一、我国服务贸易的发展现状
近年来，我国服务业实现了持续、稳定、健康发展，服务业的发展促进了服务贸易的增长。1989年我国的服务贸易进出口总额在全世界名列第30位，2000年上升到第12位。但是，由于我国服务贸易起点低、基础差，与发达国家相比仍有很大差距，主要表现在：
1、服务贸易整体水平差
我国服务业总量不足，在国民经济中比重偏低。2001年我国服务业增加值32254亿元，占GDP的比重为33. 6％。与中等收入国家的46%—56%、高收入国家的59％—65%相比，还有很大的差距。服务业落后使我国服务贸易的发展受到很大的制约。2002年我国服务贸易总额为660亿美元，占全球服务贸易总额的2.3％。而同期美国服务贸易总额占全球的16.5％，是我国的7倍多。从总体上看，除旅游等少数行业外，多数服务贸易领域处于逆差状态。加入WTO后，服务贸易逆差有可能进一步扩大．
2、服务贸易内部结构不合理
1995—2002年，我国服务出口总额中，旅游服务一直居于首位，其比重由27. 6％升至36. 5％：金融服务所占比重一直在19％左右；运输服务的比重有所下降，由27. 1％降为19%。而以信息技术为基础的新兴服务业则是明显的弱项，1995年这类产业在服务进口额中所占比重为22. 9％，2001年剧增为52. 4%，是使我国服务贸易逆差日益增大的重要因素。
3、服务贸易管理滞后
由于服务业是由许多相关行业组成的产业群，国际服务贸易涉及的行业范围极广，国际社会要求一国对其国内的服务业进行整体协调和管理。目前，我国对外服务贸易管理体制存在许多缺陷，如中央与地方在服务业对外贸易政策和规章方面还存在一定的差别，服务业多头管理、政出多门甚至相互掣肘的问题还没有完全解决，服务业的统计也不规范，行业标准等方面有许多不符合国际惯例。
4、服务贸易立法不健全
长期以来，我国服务贸易立法严重滞后，虽然近年颁布了《商业银行法》、《保险法》、《海商法》等，但与服务贸易广泛的内涵和国际服务贸易发展的要求相比还存在许多不足。目前我国尚没有一个关于服务业的一般性法律，已有的规定主要表现为各职能部门的规章和内部文件，不仅立法层次较低，而且缺乏协调，从而影响了我国服务贸易立法的统一性和透明度。
二、加入WTO对我国服务贸易的影响
我国加入WTO后，服务业市场将在原有的基础上进一步扩大对外开放，这将对我国服务贸易的发展带来深刻的影响。
1、服务贸易市场化进程进一步加快
放宽限制、开放市场是服务贸易发展的关键。加入WTO，部分服务行业的市场准入，将不再仅仅受国内有关部门的控制，而是要执行我国政府对世贸组织的承诺，这将有利于打破国内部分行业的垄断局面，有利于国内行业学习国外先进的经验，使其提高服务质量和水平，进一步推动我国服务业的发展和国际竞争力的提高。
2、有利于改善我国的投资环境
投资环境不仅仅体现于公路、通信、电力供应等硬件的好坏，越来越多地体现于金融、分销、专业服务等生产性服务的完备与质量等方面。我国服务业总体上落后，而生产性服务更为落后，这正是外国投资者看中我国市场的重要原因。服务业的对外开旅，将吸引更多的外资进入我国服务业，这将有力地促进服务业，特别是生产性服务业的快速发展，改善我国投资的软环境，进而带动国内整个经济的发展。
3、有利于引入新的服务种类
我国服务业的落后，在很大程度上表现为服务种类、品种的缺乏，许多服务领域需要填补“国内空白”。在世界贸易组织划分的143个行业中，我国商业化的税务服务、民意测验服务、信用查询等行业，基本上处于空白状态。在许多行业，具体的服务领域、服务品种还存在大量空白。服务市场的开放和外资的进入，将在相当程度上弥补我国服务业发展中的各种空白，满足国内经济发展和人民生活的各种需要。
4、有利于在更深层次上参与世界经济结构的调整
在经济全球化趋势的推动下，全球服务业也在酝酿着世界范围的调整。加入WTO，有利于我国借发达国家向海外转移劳动密集型、资本密集型服务业之机，吸引外国投资，改善我国服务业的内部结构；也有利于我国服务提供者进入国际市场，实施“走出去”战略，扩大服务贸易出口。
三、增强我国服务贸易竞争力的主要措施
1、优化服务行业结构
大力发展现代服务业，重点发展信息、科技、咨询、法律等行业，带动服务业整体水平提高。积极发展新兴服务业，如房地产、物业管理、旅游、教育培训、文化体育等，形成新的经济增长点。改组改造传统产业，运用现代经营方式和服务技术，着重改造商贸流通、交通运输、餐饮等行业，提高技术水平和经营效率。
2、放宽服务业市场准入
改变部分行业垄断经营严重、市场准入限制过严的状况，按市场主体资质和服务标准，逐步形成公开透明、管理规范的市场准入制度。加快垄断行业管理体制的改革，放宽部分行业市场准入的资质条件，鼓励非国有经济在更广泛的领域参与服务业发展。还要改革市场准入的行政审批制度，减少行政审批项目。
3、多渠道增加服务业投入
中央和地方各级政府，都要适当安排一定数量的投资，作为加快发展服务业的引导资金，主要用于国家鼓励的服务业建设项目的贴息或补助，以更多地吸引银行信贷资金和社会投入。银行要在独立审贷的基础上积极向符合贷款条件的服务业企业及其建设项目发放贷款．鼓励符合条件的服务业企业进入资本市场融资。
4、加强对服务业的组织领导
进一步转变观念，统一思想，提高认识，把服务业摆到与农业、工业同等重要的位置。各级政府要切实履行职责，为加快发展服务业创造良好的环境。制定和完善规范服务业市场主体行为和市场秩序的法律法规，为服务业发展提供法律保障。

China's service trade development and Countermeasures

Abstract: Trade in services is becoming the focus of global economic competition. Join the WTO, China's service trade was a certain amount of development, but there are some problems. Only the development of effective measures to promote China's service trade development.
Keywords: services trade; the status quo; Strategy

Since the end of last century, global economic competition is the focus shift from trade in services trade in goods, services advanced degree to become an important symbol to measure the level of modernization. At present, China has entered the development stage of building a moderately prosperous society, we must vigorously develop the service industry, and to expand services to the outside world as China's greater participation in international competition, an important part of integration into economic globalization.
I. Development of China's service trade
In recent years, China's service industry to achieve sustained, stable and healthy development of service industries to promote the growth of trade in services. 1989, China's service trade import and export volume in the world ranked 30, 2000 increased to 12. However, due to the low level of trade in services, infrastructure is poor, there is still a big gap compared with developed countries, mainly in:
1, the overall level of trade in services poor
My total lack of services, the low proportion in the national economy. In 2001 the added value of 3.2254 trillion yuan of Service, the proportion of GDP, is 33.6%. And middle-income countries, 46% -56%, high-income countries compared to 59% -65%, there is a great difference. Services behind the development of our country trade in services under great constraints. China's service trade in 2002 totaled 66 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for global service trade volume of 2.3%. The same period, total U.S. trade in services accounted for 16.5% of the world is China's 7 percent. Overall, in addition to tourism and a few industries, most trade in services in a deficit state. Join the WTO, the service trade deficit may be further expanded.
2, the internal structure of trade in services is unreasonable
1995-2002, China's total exports of services, tourism services has been at the top, its share from the 27.6 percent rise to 36.5 percent: the proportion of financial services have been around 19%; decline in the proportion of transportation services, by the 27.1% reduced 19%. The information technology-based emerging service industries is obvious weaknesses in the service of this industry in 1995, the proportion of imports to 22.9 percent in 2001 soared to 52.4 percent, making China's service trade an important factor in the increasing deficit.
3, management of trade in services lagged
As the service sector is composed of many related industries industry groups, industries involved in international trade in services scope, the international community requires a State to carry out their domestic services sector overall coordination and management. At present, China's foreign trade in services management system has many defects, such as central and local foreign trade policy and regulations in the service sector there are still some differences, long service management, and those policies or issues of mutual constraints has not been fully resolved, Services statistics are not norms, industry standards and so many do not comply with international practice.
4, trade in services legislation is not perfect
Over the years, lagged far behind China's service trade legislation, although enacted in recent years, "Commercial Bank Law", "Insurance Law", "Maritime" and so on, but a wide range of content and services, trade and development requirements of international trade in services, there are many less than . At present, China still does not have a general law on the service have been the main performance of the provisions of the regulations for the various functional departments and internal documents, not only the legislation is quite low, and the lack of coordination, which affects the unity of China's service trade legislation and transparency.
Second, join the WTO impact on China Trade in Services
China's accession to WTO, the services market will further expand the basis of the original opening, which will bring China's service trade development profound impact.
1, the service trade market to further accelerate the process of
Deregulation, open markets are key to the development of trade in services. Join the WTO, market access in some service sectors, will not only control by the domestic authorities, but to the implementation of our government's commitment to the WTO, which will help break the monopoly of some domestic industries, is conducive to the domestic industry learn foreign advanced experience, to improve service quality and level of services in China to further promote the development and improvement of international competitiveness.
2, will help to improve the investment environment in China
Investment environment is not only reflected in the road, communication, power supply and other hardware is good or bad, more and more reflected in the financial, distribution, professional services and other production services such as the completeness and quality. China's service sector generally backward, more backward, producer services, which is Chinese and foreign investors, an important reason for our market. Services of opening travel, will attract more foreign capital into the services sector, which will effectively promote the service sector, in particular the rapid development of producer services, improve the soft investment environment in China, in order to stimulate the development of the domestic economy as a whole.
3, will help introduce new types of services
Behind our services to a large extent the performance of the types of services, lack of variety, many services need to fill "the gaps." Division of the World Trade Organization's 143 industries, our commercial tax services, poll services, credit inquiries, etc., is basically a blank. In many industries, specific services, there are still large gaps in service varieties. Service market opening and entry of foreign capital, will make up a considerable extent, the various gaps in the service industry to meet the domestic economic development and people's living needs.
4, is conducive to a deeper level the restructuring of the world economy
The promotion of economic globalization, global services are brewing around the world adjusted. Join the WTO, will help China to shift to overseas countries by labor-intensive, capital-intensive service industry the opportunity to attract foreign investment, improve the internal structure of our services; also help our service providers to enter the international market, "going out "strategy to expand trade in services exports.
Third, enhance the competitiveness of China's service trade, the main measures
1, optimization services industry structure
Vigorously develop modern services sector, focusing on the development of information, technology, consulting, legal and other industries to bring the overall level of service increase. Actively develop new service industries, such as real estate, property management, tourism, education and training, culture, sports, etc. to form a new economic growth point. Reorganization of the transformation of traditional industries, the use of modern management methods and services technology, focusing on transforming flow of commerce, transportation, catering and other industries, technological level and operational efficiency.
2, relaxation of market access for services
Monopoly in some sectors to change the serious, too restrictive market access conditions, the main qualification to market and service standards, and gradually form an open and transparent and standardized management of the market access system. Accelerate the reform of management system of monopoly industries, relax qualifications in some sectors market access conditions, encouraging non-state participation in the broader field of service industry. Market access, reform of administrative approval system, reduce administrative examination and approval.
3, multi-channel input to increase services
Central and local levels of government, appropriate arrangements should be a number of investment as a guide to speed up the development of the service sector, mainly for the service sector construction projects encouraged by the state as discount or subsidy to attract more bank credit funds and social input. Censoring banks in the basis of independent active service to meet the loan conditions of loans to enterprises and their projects. Encourage qualified enterprises to enter the capital market financing services.
4, to strengthen organization and leadership services
Further change the concept of unity of thinking, raise awareness, the service placed with agriculture, industry, equally important position. Governments at all levels must perform their duties, in order to accelerate the development of services to create a good environment. Develop and improve the standard of the main services market behavior and market order, laws and regulations to provide legal protection for the service industry.

一、电子商务对国际贸易的影响1
（一） 电子商务的内涵与特点1
（二） 电子商务对国际贸易的影响6
二、中国发展电子商务的现状及存在的问题11
（一）我国电子商务的发展现状11
（二） 存在的问题12
（三） 中国对外贸易的重新定位15
三、中国利用电子商务促进对外贸易的策略17
（一） 电子商务在出口贸易中的效益体现17
（二）开拓新的国际市场要求发展无纸贸易17
（三）迎接挑战的对策19

结论23
致谢24
参考文献25
附录一26
附录二31

摘 要
在向信息经济世界的转变过程中，传统商务由于存在太多的弊端，已经不能胜任现时条件下的贸易环境。电子商务作为因特网技术发展日益成熟的直接结果，是未来商业发展的新方向。
电子商务（Electronic Commence）是一种以电子数据交换EDI和Internet网上交易为主要内容的全新商务模式。其体现的开放性、全球性、地域性、低成本和高效率等内在特征，在符合商业经济内在要求的同时，还使其超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值。它不仅改变了企业本身的生产、经营、管理，而且对传统的贸易方式带来冲击。其最明显的标志就是增加了贸易机会、降低贸易成本、提高贸易效益。在带动经济结构变革的同时，对整个现代经济生活产生了巨大而且深远的影响。
对此，中国作为经济正在发展的贸易大国，在电子商务的挑战之下，要同时面对其带来的压力和机遇，进行自我调整，以求跟上其快速变革的步伐。要大力发展电子商务，在今后的贸易竞争中占据主动，应拿出自己的举措，以赢得和发达国家站在同一起跑线上的机会。
关键词 电子商务 数据交换 因特网 国际贸易
Abstract
In the shifting to information economy, traditional commerce is out of the steps of time because of its lot shortcomings. As the direct result from the development of cyber internet technology, EC (Electronic Commerce) is the new direction of future business.
EC includes EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and business on web. It is a definitely new business model. Its inner nature such as global, regional, low cost and high efficiency make it more valuable than its virtual value as a new business model. At the same time, it is also accord with demands from business. EC not only changes producing, management, but impact on traditional commerce model. The most obvious symbol is increase business opportunities, decrease of trading cost, and getting more business profits. It leads profound affection to the whole economic life when it changes economic structure.
China wants to be a great developing trading nation. It is necessary to act activity. We need making strategy to face EC, to face the impact, the pressure and chances in order to control our foreign business policies.
Justify by us in order to follow EC steps in developing. That is the right way for us to challenge with other developed countries.

Key word Electronic Commerce Electronic Data Interchange Internet
International trading

（三）中国对外贸易的重新定位
中国的贸易必须在世界贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易转化中重新为自己定位，就是使中国贸易从传统贸易转化为网络贸易。为此，我们要积极推进中国贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易的革命性的转化，这一推进要通过市场与政府有效结合的方式来进行。值得指出的是，中国已经初步地“尝到了网络贸易的甜头”，1998年1~5月份，中国的出口本来应该受亚洲货币金融危机的影响而有较大幅度的下降，但是，1998年1~5月份中国的外贸进出口却保持着增长，据海关统计，1998年1~5月份，中国外贸进出口总值达1 236.9亿美元，比去年同期增长5.4%，其中出口711.1亿美元，增长8.6%，进口525.8%亿美元，增长1.5%，其中一个重要的决定因素就是，中国在1998年的春季广交会上，利用互联网向全球2 000多家外商发出了电子邮件，这使得在东南亚金融危机后的这次广交会的出席人数达6.5万人，为历年广交会人数最多的一次。在这次广交会上，中国同东南亚和韩国达成的交易额下降了60%，而同欧洲、美洲、中东、非洲的交易额则增长20%~30%。占中国出口四成的本次广交会出口成交额比上年增长10%以上。据海关统计，1998年1~4月份，中国对亚洲出口增长4.8%，对亚洲出口的比重比去年同期下降了4.6%，而对欧洲、美国、非洲、南美的出口却分别增长了29.6%、22.7%、33.9%、40.1%，它们占中国外贸出口的比重也有一定幅度的增加，很显然，中国外贸的这一变化是与对国际互联网电子邮件利用密切相关的。中国外经贸部宣布“中国商品市场”已于1998年7月8日正式进入因特网，它将成为目前因特网上最大的中国商品数据库，向外商展示中国商品信息，这为许多企业进入网络，提供了新机会。这一“中国商品市场”就利用网络发布信息这一形式而言，与中国已有的在网络上建立站点发布信息的企业一样。很明显，对于它们都有或将有从发布信息，深化到销售产品和以网络为基础的企业业务往来、企业间培训、客户培训、售后服务等商务活动的必要。这也是应该挖掘网络收益的一个取向，既要利用网络来捕捉更多的贸易机会，扩大市场的范围，又要通过网络来使得比较优势和竞争优势升级。另外，一定要注意网络安全问题。还有，也是至关重要的，中国应对网络贸易立法，且对已存在的对外贸易法进行修改。有理由相信，随着中国外贸逐步地从传统贸易转化为网络贸易，中国网络贸易的发展必然使中国的贸易呈现出一种新的局面.

英文是:
With economic development and the progress of the times, people of the original concept of marriage constantly being challenged, while the concept of legal system is further strengthened. Due to various reasons, divorce cases each year are on the rise, the husband and wife in a divorce case and deal with common property that has become increasingly difficult, reflected by the status of more and more important, it has a bearing on social stability and unity, and economic construction can proceed smoothly. Debt Settlement of joint processing and housing is dealt with divorce, division of property compared the two main issues, the 2001 Marriage Law, promulgated and implemented the new sound of the old Marriage Law of the many deficiencies, but its institutional division of property in a divorce there are still some shortcomings. Therefore, the perfect family property system and properly handle the divorce, division of matrimonial property has strong practical significance.