推荐回答(1个)
范蠡,字少伯,春秋末年楚国人,越国的上将军。《汉书·艺文志》著录《范蠡》二篇,属"兵权谋家",注云:"越王勾践臣也。"这说明,范蠡的著作是作为兵书流传于世的。此书自汉以后失传。我们今天只能从《国语》、《吴越春秋》等史籍中,寻找到某些有关内容。
范蠡提出"随时以行"。所谓"时",作为军事科学的范畴,是指时机或曰战机。"随时",就是依据时机是否有利来决定作战行动,这也叫"守时","随时以行,是谓守时"。范蠡的"随时","守时",实质上包含有两层基本意思:其一是指"时不至,不可强生;事不究,不可强成。当有利的时机还没有出现,条件还不具备时,不能勉强出兵作战,这时,应"自若以处,以度天下,待其来者而正之,因时之所宜而定之,""按师整兵,待其坏败,随而袭之。"如果时机不成熟而盲目出兵作战,那就会"逆于天而不和于人",这就叫做"强孛","强孛者不祥"。其二是指"得时无怠,时不再来。"这是说,机不可失,时不再来,一旦遇到有利的时机,就不能犹豫不决,而应以最快的速度去进攻敌人。他说:"从时者,犹救火,追亡人也,蹶而趋之,惟恐弗及"。因为错过了有利的时机,就会给自己带来不利,"得时不成","反之为灾"。
范蠡还提出"因"这一范畴。他说:"因而成之,是故战胜而不报,取地而不反,兵胜于外,福生于内,用力甚少而名声章明。所谓"因",就是指根据战争的客观实际情况的变化来决定作战行动。他说:"古之善用兵者,因天地之常,与之俱行,后用则阴,先胜则阳,近则用柔,远则用刚。"善于带兵打仗的人,在作战指导上,先发制人和后发制人原则的不同应用,都是根据战争的实际情况来决定的。实行后发制人的原则时,要取法于阴象,即沉着应付,不动声色;而在先发制人时,就要取法于阳象,即迅猛进攻。他还说:"彼来从我,固守勿与;若将与之,必因天地之灾,又观其民之饥饱劳逸以参之,尽其阳节盈吾阴节而夺之。这是说,如果敌向我进攻,我在不利的情况下,应先固守,待有利时机出现,再作反攻,在对敌人反攻时,必须全面考察敌方是否遭到了自然灾害,以及老百姓的"饥饱劳逸"等情况,以避开敌人的有利条件,然后再实施打击。从这里可以看出,范蠡和老子在军事思想方面是有所不同的。老子在讲进退、刚柔、先后时,无条件地强调退、柔、后的一面,而否认进、刚、先这一面。范蠡则主张应根据战争条件的不同,或进或退,或先或后,这一认识,比较老子而言,是要全面正确得多了。
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