推荐回答(3个)
春秋战国,中国历史上一个特殊的大动荡、大变革、大发展时期,也是我国从奴隶社会向封建社会的过渡时期.这一时期,诸侯争霸斗争频繁,民族融合不断;井田制日益瓦解,封建生产关系逐渐产生;分封制趋于崩溃,大国兼并小国,奴隶社会日益瓦解,封建社会的逐渐确立,中国历史进入到一个新的发展时期.
首先,经济基础的变化:这主要是指奴隶制土地所有制的瓦解和封建土地私有制的逐步确立.春秋战国时期,随着铁制农具的使用和牛耕的逐步推广,使社会生产力显著提高,社会经济也得到进一步发展.人们有可能通过开垦荒地获得新的生产资料,扩大生产规模.这样,新开垦的耕地---“私田”就不断增加,生产资料的占有情况和劳动产品的分配方式都发生了新的变化,冲击着原有的井田制(公田).私田主人出于自身利益考虑,改变了对耕田者的剥削方式,让劳动者交出大部分产品,保留一部分产品,以调动劳动者的积极性,客观上起到了改变双方身份的作用,从而形成了封建的生产方式和阶级关系(封建地主和封建农民).可以看出,由于生产力的飞跃引起生产关系的变革,作为奴隶社会统治基础的井田制就逐渐被封建的土地私有制所取代,这是历史发展的必然趋势.
其次,上层建筑的变化:经济基础的变化又导致上层建筑的变革,这主要又体现在政治和思想文化两方面.
政治上:公元前770年茄樱衫,我国历史进入春秋战国时代,各诸侯国为了扩大统治范围,掠夺更多的土地、人口、财富和对其他诸侯国的支配权,进行了长期的争霸和兼并战争,给人民带来了极大的痛苦与灾难,但战争在客观上又加快了统一的进程,促进了民族融合,也加快了社会变革的步伐.随着封建经济的不断发展,封建的土地所有制日益取代奴隶主的土地国有制,新兴地主阶级的经济和政治势力越来越大,已成为一支强大的阶级力量,他们纷纷要求在政治上进行变革,一些杰出的地主阶级政治家,顺应时代的潮流,先后在各诸侯国国内开展一系列的变法运动(如秦国的商鞅变法),促进了社会的进步,而这实质上又是一场封建化运动,并最终建立了地主阶级统治,使得封建制度得以确立,从而标志着封建社会的形成.
思想文化上:历史唯物主义认为,社会存在决定社会颤腔意识,作为上层建筑的思想文化,则是一定时期内政治、经济的反映.春秋战国时期,由于生产力的提高,经济的发展,从而推动了科学技术的进步;同时,整个社会此时正经历着从奴隶社会向封建社会的划时代的大变革,各阶级从维护本阶级利益出发颂迟,纷纷寻找自己的代理人,为其高唱赞歌,发表自己的政治主张,抨击、批评对方,以确立本阶级的学说,促进了思想文化的空前活跃和文学艺术的繁荣.这又从观念形态上反映了经济基础和上层建筑的变革.
生产力的提高,经济的发展,促进了社会制度的变革和进步,也促进了科学文化事业的繁荣.新的社会制度解放了生产力,反过来又促进了生产力、社会经济和科学文化的繁荣.因此,春秋战国是我国奴隶社会的瓦解和封建社会的形成时期.
奴隶制社会向封建社会过度,井田制逐渐被取代,多国变法,国家法制加强,百家争鸣,思想上百花齐放。
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