推荐回答(1个)
孔乙己PK范进
孔乙己和范进是中国文学人物长廊里的著名形象,他们都是深受封建科举制度的戕害的知识分子,堪称标本。
今天让他们PK,从个性分析的角度来解剖这两具标本,进而来认识封建科举制度对人性的荼毒。
放弃VS执着:
孔乙己和范进都有着一蓬花白的胡子,我们大概可以知道两人的年龄是相当的,然而两人对于科举功名的痴迷程度却是有高下的。小说里写道:“孔乙己原来也读过书,但终于没有进学”,我们抓住“终于”这个词来看,孔乙己当年对于科举功名也是相当的热衷的,想必也经历了多年的艰苦打拼,然而最终一无所获。从这个“终于”我们还能明白当他在小说中出场的时候,他实际上已经彻底放弃了科举的梦想,只是凭着一笔好字,混碗饭吃罢了。相比之下,范进对于科举功名的热心从来没有黯淡过,可算得上是老当益壮,穷且益坚。小说里这样描述范进的落魄潦倒:头戴破毡帽御寒却身无棉衣,单衣直裰冻得乞乞缩缩,虽然已经是五十四岁的高龄,但他还是瑟缩地走进考场,这显现出他对科举的异常的执着和痴迷。工夫不负有心人,范进的这种执着和痴迷,终于让他遇见了恩师周进,周进看他年老,从他身上看见了自己的影子,顿生恻隐之心,舍与他一个秀才的功名,这对范进来说更无疑是一针强心剂,更激发了他对科举功名的热心,从此叩开了科举的大门。
然而孔乙己对于科举功名的由热到冷的放弃,和范进对于科举功名的一如既往的执着,并非是造成他们不同遭遇的根本原因。范进后来的飞黄腾达有太多的荒唐,这只是偶然,孔乙己的最终归宿才具有必然性。把这种偶然和必然放在一起品读,有助于我们更深刻地认识封建科举的荒谬。
懒惰VS坚忍:
鲁迅笔下的孔乙己有“一样坏脾气,便是好喝懒做”,连钞书糊口的营生也不愿老老实实的去做,他又如何能数十年如一日,在忍受贫苦的同时还能孜孜不倦的一心只读圣贤书,坚定不移地朝着科举的独木桥上行进呢?我们可以这样大胆的猜测,孔乙己对科举功名的放弃在很大程度上源于他懒惰的品性。而这种懒惰的品性由何而来?却正是这种封建科举教育,所谓“万般皆下品”,孔乙己的圣贤书读的不怎么样,倒是落下了“五谷不分,四体不勤”的病根,对自食其力的体力劳动的轻视,是孔乙己懒惰的思想根源。反过来,孔乙己这种懒惰的品性又在一定程度上妨碍了他追求科举功名的坚定性。这真是一组荒诞的悖论。相比之下,范进则要坚忍的多。为了科举功名他能忍受饥寒交迫,为了科举功名他能忍受丈人刻薄的羞辱与挖苦,为了科举功名他能丢下老母妻子,任由“家里已是饿了两三天,老母饿的两眼都看不见了”。在追求科举功名的路上,范进显示出了一种近乎残酷的坚忍,这种残酷既指向自己——不顾尊严,也指向家人——不顾亲情,当然也会无情地指向更多的人,令人感到不寒而栗的恐惧。
所以鲁迅对孔乙己持有一种“怒其不争,哀其不幸”的复杂情感,而吴敬梓对范进则是无情的鞭笞与嘲弄,还让他发了一回疯。
失败VS成功:
孔乙己在征战科举功名的路上,一无所获,最终被人打断了双腿,凄惨的死去。但是从这个失败者身上还能看到一丝人的气息。你看“孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人”,这件长衫虽然“又脏又破”,“似乎十多年没有补,也没有洗”,孔乙己一直穿着它实际上是在可笑的维护自己并不存在的读书人的身份和尊严。在酒店小伙计的眼里,孔乙己的“品行却比别人都好,就是从不拖欠;虽然间或没有现钱,暂时记在粉板上,但不出一月,定然还清”,邻舍孩子“围住了孔乙己,他便给他们茴香豆吃,一人一颗”。虽然我们还能从孔乙己的身上看到一点残留的人性的光芒,但是一个深受封建科举荼毒的人,一无所长,只能成为人们取笑作乐的对象。而范进成功中举后,马上对丈人端起了老爷的架子,称呼也由原来的“岳父”改为“老爹”。张静斋送钱送房,对范进表现的是慷慨大方,亲切友好,实际上是利用范进,帮助范进迅速地进入“老爷”的角色,将本来就缺乏修养的范进带的更坏。范进的母亲去世不久,范进就跟着张静斋去汤知县那里打秋风,借口“遵制”一连换了几双筷子,但却“在燕窝碗里拣了一个大虾丸子送在嘴里”。看来在范进平步青云的同时,他身上本来就匮乏的人性也更快地加速了消亡。我们看到是一具更加卑劣虚伪的行尸走肉。
由此看来,封建科举对于知识分子的戕害之深正在于它对人性的扼杀。无论失败还是成功这种扼杀都在上演。失败如孔乙己者从此沦为废人,成为别人茶余饭后的笑料,成功如范进者从此堕入了万劫不复的深渊,加速了人性的沉沦。
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