推荐回答(1个)
张骞,汉中人也,建元中为郎。时,匈奴降者言匈奴破月氏王,以其头为饮器,月氏遁而怨匈奴,无与共击之。汉方欲事灭胡,闻此言,欲通使,道必更匈奴中,乃募能使者。骞以郎应募,使月氏,与堂邑氏奴甘父俱出陇西。径匈奴,匈奴得之,传诣单于。单于曰:“月氏在吾北,汉何以得往使?吾欲使越,汉肯听我乎?”留骞十余岁,予妻,有子,然骞持汉节不失。
居匈奴西,骞因与其属亡乡月氏,西走数十日,至大宛。大宛闻汉之饶财,欲通不得,见骞,喜,问欲何之。骞曰:“为汉使月氏而为匈奴所闭道,今亡,唯王使人道送我。诚得至,反汉,汉之赂遗王财物不可胜言。”大宛以为然,遣骞,为发道译,抵康居。康居传致大月氏。大月氏王已为胡所杀,立其夫人为王。既臣大夏而君之,地肥饶,少寇,志安乐。又自以远远汉,殊无报胡之心。骞从月氏至大夏,竟不能得月氏要领。
留岁余,还,并南山,欲从羌中归,复为匈奴所得。留岁余,单于死,国内乱,骞与胡妻及堂邑父俱亡归汉。拜骞太中大夫,堂邑父为奉使君。
骞为人强力,宽大信人,蛮夷爱之。堂邑父胡人,善射,穷急射禽兽给食。初,骞行时百余人,去十三岁,唯二人得还。
骞身所至者,大宛、大月氏、大夏、康居,而传闻其旁大国五六,具为天子言其地形所有,语皆在《西域传》。
骞曰:“臣在大夏时,见邛竹杖、蜀布,问:‘安得此?’大夏国人曰:‘吾贾人往市之身毒国。身毒国在大夏东南可数千里。其俗土著,与大夏同,而卑湿暑热。其民乘象以战。其国临大水焉。’以骞度之,大夏去汉万二千里,居西南。今身毒又居大夏东南数千里,有蜀物,此其去蜀不远矣。今使大夏,从羌中,险,羌人恶之;少北,则为匈奴所得;从蜀,宜径,又无寇。”天子既闻大宛及大夏、安息之属皆大国,多奇物,土著,颇与中国同俗,而兵弱,贵汉财物;其北则大月氏、康居之属,兵强,可以赂遗设利朝也。诚得而以义属之,则广地万里,重九译,致殊俗,威德遍于四海。天子欣欣以骞言为然。乃令因蜀犍为发间使,四道并出:出駹,出莋,出徙、邛,出僰,皆各行一二千里。其北方闭氐、莋,南方闭巂、昆明。昆明之属无君长,善寇盗,辄杀略汉使,终莫得通。然闻其西可千余里,有乘象国,名滇越,而蜀贾间出物者或至焉,于是汉以求大复道始通滇国。初,汉欲通西南夷,费多,罢之。及骞言可以通大夏,及复事西南夷。
骞以校尉从大将军击匈奴,知水草处,军得以不乏,乃封骞为博望侯。是岁,元朔六年也。后二年,骞为卫尉,与李广俱出右北平击匈奴。匈奴围李将军,军失亡多,而骞后期当斩,赎为庶人。是岁,骠骑将军破匈奴西边,杀数万人,至祁连山。其秋,浑邪王率众降汉,而金城、河西并南山至盐泽,空无匈奴。匈奴时有候者到,而希矣。后二年,汉击走单于于幕北。
天子数问骞大夏之属。骞既失侯,因曰:“臣居匈奴中,闻乌孙王号昆莫。昆莫父难兜靡本与大月氏俱在祁连、敦煌间,小国也。大月氏攻杀难兜靡,夺其地,人民亡走匈奴。子昆莫新生,傅父布就翕侯抱亡置草中,为求食,还,见狼乳之,又乌衔肉翔其旁,以为神,遂持归匈奴,单于爱养之。及壮,以其父民众与昆莫,使将兵,数有功。时,月氏已为匈奴所破,西击塞王。塞王南走远徙,月氏居其地。昆莫既健,自请单于报父怨,遂西攻破大月氏。大月氏复西走,徒大夏地。昆莫略其众,因留居,兵稍强,会单于死,不肯复朝事匈奴。匈奴遣兵击之,不胜,益以为神而远之。今单于新困于汉,而昆莫地空。蛮夷恋故地,又贪汉物,诚以此时厚赂乌孙,招以东居故地,汉遣公主为夫人,结昆弟,其势宜听,则是断匈奴右臂也。既连乌孙,自其西大夏之属皆可招来而为外臣。”天子以为然,拜骞为中郎将,将三百人,马各二匹,牛、羊以万数,赍金币帛直数千巨万,多持节副使,道可便遣之旁国。骞既至乌孙,致赐谕指,未能得其决。语在《西域传》。骞即分遣副使使大宛、康居、月氏、大夏。乌孙发道译送骞,与乌孙使数十人,马数十匹。报谢,因令窥汉,知其广大。
骞还,拜为大行。岁余,骞卒。后岁余,其所遣副使通大夏之属者皆颇与其人俱来,于是西北国始通于汉矣。然骞凿空,诸后使往者皆称博望侯,以为质于外国,外国由是信之。其后,乌孙竟与汉结婚。
初,天子发书《易》,曰“神马当从西北来”。得乌孙马好,名曰:“天马”。及得宛汗血马,益壮,更名乌孙马曰“西极马”,宛马曰“天马”云。而汉始筑令居以西,初置酒泉郡,以通西北国。因《益》发使抵安息、奄蔡、B254CD5F、条支、身毒国。而天子好宛马,使者相望于道,一辈大者数百,少者百余人,所赍操,大放博望侯时。其后益习而衰少焉。汉率一岁中使者多者十余,少者五六辈,远者八九岁,近者数岁而反。
是时,汉既灭越,蜀所通西南夷皆震,请吏。置牂柯、越巂、益州、沈黎、文山郡,欲地接以前通大夏。乃遣使岁十余辈,出此初郡,皆复闭昆明,为所杀,夺币物。于是汉发兵击昆明,斩首数万。后复遣使,竟不得通。语在《西南夷传》。
自骞开外国道以尊贵,其吏士争上书言外国奇怪利害,求使。天子为其绝远,非人所乐,听其言,予节,募吏民无问所从来,为具备人众遣之,以广其道。来还不能无侵盗币物,及使失指,天子为其习之,辄复按致重罪,以激怒令赎,复求使。使端无穷,而轻犯法。其吏卒亦辄复盛推外国所有,言大者予节,言小者为副,故妄言无行之徒皆争相效。其使皆私县官赍物,欲贱市以私其利。外国亦厌汉使人人有言轻重,度汉兵远,不能至,而禁其食物,以苦汉使。汉使乏绝,责怨,至相攻击。楼兰、姑师小国,当空道,攻劫汉使王恢等尤甚。而匈奴奇兵又时时遮击之。使者争言外国利害,皆有城邑,兵弱易击。于是天子遣从票侯破奴将属国骑及郡兵数万以击胡,胡皆去。明年,击破姑师,虏楼兰王。酒泉列亭障至玉门矣。
而大宛诸国发使随汉使来,观汉广大,以大鸟卵及眩人献于汉,天子大说。而汉使穷河源,其山多玉石,采来,天子案古图书,名河所出山曰昆仑云。
是时,上方数巡狩海上,乃悉从外国客,大都多人则过之,散财帛赏赐,厚具饶给之,以览视汉富厚焉。大角氐,出奇戏诸怪物,多聚观者,行赏赐,酒池肉林,令外国客遍观名各仓库府臧之积,欲以见汉广大,倾骇之。及加其眩者之工,而角氐奇戏岁增变,其益兴,自此始。而外国使更来更去。大宛以西皆自恃远,尚骄恣,未可诎以礼羁縻而使也。
骞孙猛,字子游,有俊才,元帝时为光禄大夫,使匈奴,给事中,为石显所谮。自杀。
赞曰:“《禹本纪》言河出昆仑,昆仑高二千五百里余,日月所相避隐为光明也。自张骞使大夏之后,穷河原,恶睹所谓昆仑者乎?故言九州山川,《尚书》近之矣。至《禹本纪》、《山经》所有,放
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