推荐回答（1个）
孟德尔定律是G.J.孟德尔根据豌豆杂交实验的结果提出的遗传学中最基本的定律,包括分离定律和独立分配定律.分离定律指一对遗传因子在杂合
状态下并不相互影响,而在配子形成中又按原样分配到配子中去.独立分配定律指两对或两对以上的基因在配子形成过程中的分配彼此独立.由于雌雄配子的随机组
合,因而在子代中出现各种性状的各种组合,而且按一定的比例出现.
基因型是一种有机体的内在遗传结构,表现型是基因型外在的生理表现.基因对于性
状的发育赋予潜在的作用.这种作用受到其它基因的互作和环境因子的影响.孟德尔的分离法则是指一对等位基因在形成配子时彼此分离.自由组合法则则是指不同
染色体上的基因在配子形成时是彼此自由、随机地被组合到子细胞中.测交是未知基因型的个体（常存在显性表型）和一个纯合隐性基因型的个体杂交来确定基因
型.孟德尔法则适用于人类及一切真核生物.人类性状遗传的研究是不能通过杂交,而只有通过谱系分析和其它生化及分子生物学的实验来进行.
分离定律
law of
segregation为孟德尔遗传定律之一.决定相对性状的一对等位基因同时存在于杂种一代（F1）的个体中,但仍维持它们各自的个体性,在配子形成时
互相分开,分别进入一个配子细胞中去.在孟德尔定律中最根本的就是分离定律.比较普遍的说法是：在纯合子中相同染色体上占有同一基因位置的来自双亲的二个
基因决不会发生融合而是仍维持其个体性,而在配子形成时,基因发生分离,其结果是杂种第二代（F2）和回交一代（B1）中性状会发生分离.在杂合子的细胞
中,位于一对同源染色体,具有一定的独立性,生物体在进行减数分裂形成配子时,等位基因会随着的分开而分离,分别进入到两个配子中,独立地随配子遗传给后
代.
分离定律的定义
分离定律的定义：在生物的体细胞中,控制同一性状的遗传因子成对存在,不相融合；在形成配子时,成对的遗传因子发生分离,分离后的遗传因子分别进入不同的配子中,随配子遗传给后代.
law
of independent assortment,直译为独立分配规律.现代生物遗传学三大基本定律之一.【概念】
〖定义〗当具有两对（或更多对）相对性状的亲本进行杂交,在子一代产生配子时,在等位基因分离的同时,非同源染色体上的基因表现为自由组合.〖发生过程〗
在杂合体作减数分裂产生配子的过程中.〖发生时期〗减数第一次分裂后期
〖适用范围〗不连锁基因.对于除此以外的完全连锁、部分连锁以及所谓假连锁基因,遵循连锁互换规律.〖实质〗非等位基因自由组合.这就是说,一对染色体上
的等位基因与另一对染色体上的等位基因的分离或组合是彼此间互不干扰的,各自独立地分配到配子中去.因此也称为独立分配律.【历史】
〖发现人〗遗传学说奠基人孟德尔（Gregor Johann Mendel）于1856-1864年间作为假说提出并初步验证.
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