推荐回答(5个)
我们今天使用“逻辑”一词所表示的东西,并不是一直就这个名称而论的。
尽管这个词来源于希腊文词根,但亚里士多德并没有因为我们认为他的著作是关于逻辑的而使用它。最初,它们根本没有共同的名称。以“工具”一词给它们命名是从公元前一世纪开始的。斯多噶学派曾以一定程度上的一致性,使用术语“辩证法”来表示我们今天所指的关于逻辑学的研究。这一术语通过晚古时代的拉丁传统传播到了中世纪。标志着逻辑复兴的最早著作之一是阿巴拉德的《辩证法》。然而,阿巴拉德也使用过“逻辑”这一名称,在怀疑主义的黄金时期,这一名称变得流行起来,只是到了文艺复兴时期它再一次屈从于其对手“辩证法”。后来,“工具”一词也重新被使用,在18和19世纪的德国作品中,“理性”和“科学”等术语也被大量使用。
为了恢复“逻辑”这一名称,曾一度颇有影响的《逻辑和思维艺术》亦即《波尔·罗亚尔逻辑》一书看来起到了决定性的作用。然而,这次复兴是与对中世纪传统的反叛同时发生的,并且也是与创造同新世纪的自然科学相协调的东西这一努力相呼应的。我们认为,波尔·罗亚尔逻辑并不是“逻辑”,它更像我们所称的“方法论”,正如该书的标题所说的,是“有助于思维的”。
认为亚里士多德逻辑不可能再有发展的康德,打算通过创造一种他称之为先验的逻辑来复兴之门学科。这将要涉及一种先天的或“纯粹理性”的知识“起源、范围和客观有效性”。而被认为比其他人更应对“逻辑”一词的最后确立负责的黑格尔则直截了当地指出,以前与这一主题相联系的概念“应该彻底消失并且完全改变这门科学(逻辑)的地位”的时代已经到来。
黑格尔的改革家的热忱并非完全没有成功,我们现在所熟悉的黑格尔主义和辩证逻辑直到今天在哲学中还有其一席之地。但这不是我心中极力颂赞的在当代哲学文化中的逻辑的角色,远远不是!
在本世纪前十年,当真正的“逻辑观念”进入哲学舞台时,它在术语上表现出犹豫不决的特征,它太想在自己的名下出现了。考托拉克提出为它新造一个词“逻辑斯蒂”(Logistique,德语为Logistik),这一思想强调的不仅是它的新意,而且是它与上一世纪的腐化的逻辑和亚里士多德主义以及陈旧的经院哲学传统思想的区别。例如,我当时作为一名年轻的学生,正是在这样的“现代性精神”中接受逻辑训练的。术语“逻辑斯蒂”在英语中从未获得广泛流行,可能因为该词的多元形式在英语中已有了一种带有不同内涵的固定的用法。“数学的”和“符号化的”属性倒是长期用来区分新的逻辑形式及其古老形式。
逻辑
luo ji
1.logic
以上结果由 Dr.eye译典通字典 提供
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