推荐回答(1个)
元青花的特点很“开门”。“开门”一词是文物界鉴定文物时的一个常用语,是形容一件器物的时代风格较突出,很容易掌握的意思。元青花的特点包括造型、胎釉、款识、工艺技法等多方面,综合起来就是时代风格。这个时代风格是经过几代人多年实践总结出来的。但是现代的赝品将传世品中许多很“开门”的特点通过作伪的手法一一表现出来。在今天科学仪器还不能完全解决古陶瓷鉴定问题的时候,如何掌握真与假的区别呢?我个人的体会是必须牢牢掌握真品的特点,同时要善于识别和掌握赝品的破绽。真假对照,有比较才有鉴别。 首先是元青花瓷器的釉。总的观感为青白色,但青白的程度不一致,有的白中泛点青,有的较白,有的偏青,更重要的是釉面坚实感强烈。新品的地釉很复杂,以青白釉为主,但呈色上有的偏白,有的青灰,有的青绿犹如淡淡湖水一般,还有的釉面开粉红色或米色纹片,或在釉面上做水碱痕迹,也有经打磨后釉面无光泽等多种现象。 第二,元青花的原料和青花斑点。从元青花瓷器分析,是使用两种青花料,一种大型漂亮的青花瓷器,多为进口原料,色调蓝艳,有宝石蓝的感觉,带有黑褐色的斑点,有的微微带点锡光,手感微微下凹。这种斑点是自然形成的,也有的是根据纹饰构图需要加重点绘的小斑点。斑点中心为深褐色,外围一周蓝黑色晕散到釉中。此类器物仔细赏析,通体青花纹饰的色调不一致,器身的弦纹、花纹的轮廓线以及渲染的花朵,有的地方深,有的地方浅。另一种为国内墓葬出土或外销到东南亚的小件青花瓷,多使用国产料,色调蓝灰。这类仿品少见。新仿制的元青花是现代配制的青花料,呈现出的黑褐色斑点比较密集,斑点颜色较浓重,侧视斑点处,釉上仿佛浮有一层薄薄的银灰色金属片。通体青花颜色虽然也不一致,但多属蓝黑、蓝灰等色,但也有接近元青花色调的,从气韵上看没有达到元青花那种古雅和深沉。 第三,元青花的纹饰绘画潇洒自如,笔线有力,具有一种壮美之感。多层次绘画装饰的器物,纹饰紧凑和谐,留的地釉不多。新制品笔线拘谨无力,有的画面纹饰较稀松,器表给人的感觉工细漂亮。 第四,元青花底部釉斑现象一般表现在大罐、大瓶的底部。可能是工匠在施满釉后需将底部釉很快擦掉,但又没有完全彻底擦掉,只要达到在窑内不粘连就可以了,没有擦掉的釉,即成为后人说的釉斑,是在自然状态下形成的。釉斑有大有小,或宽或窄,釉斑周围有的还有浅淡的火石红色。现在的新产品,釉斑给人的感觉仿佛是使用类似毛笔工具随便抹成的,釉面扁平,光亮不自然。 第五,元青花的器底有火石红色旋纹及跳刀痕等现象。不一定每件器物底部都出现,一般出现的火石红色较浅淡,仿佛刷过的泥浆色,泛有点油亮的光泽,旋纹及跳刀痕隐现。现代的仿制品火石红色有的浓重,有的浅淡。浅淡的都是将新做的火石红色在入窑前先抹掉一部分,所留下的痕迹,轮旋的弦纹和跳刀痕纹路很深。有的赝品底部还涂抹一些黑灰色的东西表示器物的旧意。 第六,元青花瓷器很少写款识。目前只发现一对收藏在英国的至正十一年大瓶,这是众所周知的。而新制品中出现许多写有“大元国某某年制”的字样,迷惑他人。另外,掌握真品的特征是鉴别赝品的依据,但真品的特点有的是可以用语言概括出来的,有的不能用语言形容,这就是每件器物的时代质感和气韵。对于鉴定来说这些极为重要,是需要自己用心体会的。 本贴地址:
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