罗斯福的新经济政策英语简介

首先我要说的是，罗斯福竖态型出台的是新政，新经济政策是列闭笑宁的……
During the 1930'余猜s, America witnessed a breakdown of the
Democratic and free enterprise system as the US fell into the worst
depression in history. The economic depression that beset the United
States and other countries was unique in its severity and its
consequences. At the depth of the depression, in 1933, one American
worker in every four was out of a job. The great industrial slump
continued throughout the 1930's, shaking the foundations of Western
capitalism.
The New Deal describes the program of US president Franklin D.
Roosevelt from 1933 to 1939 of relief, recovery, and reform. These new
policies aimed to solve the economic problems created by the
depression of the 1930's. When Roosevelt was nominated, he said, "I
pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."
The New Deal included federal action of unprecedented scope to
stimulate industrial recovery, assist victims of the Depression,
guarantee minimum living standards, and prevent future economic
crises. Many economic, political, and social factors lead up to the
New Deal. Staggering statistics, like a 25% unemployment rate, and the
fact that 20% of NYC school children were under weight and
malnourished, made it clear immediate action was necessary.
In the first two years, the New Deal was concerned mainly with
relief, setting up shelters and soup kitchens to feed the millions of
unemployed. However as time progressed, the focus shifted towards
recovery. In order to accomplish this monumental task, several
agencies were created. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was
the keystone of the early new deal program launched by Roosevelt. It
was created in June 1933 under the terms of the National Industrial
Recovery Act. The NRA permitted businesses to draft "codes of fair
competition," with presidential approval, that regulated prices,
wages, working conditions, and credit terms. Businesses that complied
with the codes were exempted from antitrust laws, and workers were
given the right to organize unions and bargain collectively. After
that, the government set up long-range goals which included permanent
recovery, and a reform of current abuses. Particularly those that
produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe. The NRA gave the President
power to regulate interstate commerce. This power was originally given
to Congress. While the NRA was effective, it was bringing America
closer to socialism by giving the President unconstitutional powers.
In May 1935 the US Supreme Court, in Schechter Poultry Corporation
V. United States, unanimously declared the NRA unconstitutional on the
grounds that the code-drafting process was unconstitutional.
Another New Deal measure under Title II of the National
Industrial Recovery Act of June 1933, the Public Works Administration
(PWA), was designed to stimulate US industrial recovery by pumping
federal funds into large-scale construction projects. The head of the
PWA exercised extreme caution in allocating funds, and this did not
stimulate the rapid revival of US industry that New Dealers had hoped
for. The PWA spent $6 billion enabling building contractors to employ
approximately 650,000 workers who might otherwise have been jobless.
The PWA built everything from schools and libraries to roads and
highways. The agency also financed the construction of cruisers,
aircraft carriers, and destroyers for the navy.
In addition, the New Deal program founded the Works Projects
Administration in 1939. It was the most important New Deal work-relief
agency. The WPA developed relief programs to preserve peoples skills
and self-respect by providing useful work during a period of massive
unemployment. From 1935 to 1943 the WPA provided approximately 8
million jobs at a cost of more than $11 billion. This funded the
construction of thousands of public buildings and facilities. In
addition, the WPA sponsored the Federal Theater Project, Federal Art
Project, and Federal Writers' Project providing work for people in the
arts. In 1943, after the onset of wartime prosperity, Roosevelt
terminated the WPA. One of the most well known, The Social Security
Act, created a system of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance,
which is still around today. Social security consists of public
programs to protect workers and their families from income losses
associated with old age, illness, unemployment, or death.
The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) established a federal
Minimum Wage and maximum-hours policy. The minimum wage, 25 cents per
hour, applied to many workers engaged in interstate commerce. The law
was intended to prevent competitive wage cutting by employers during
the Depression. After the law was passed, wages began to rise as the
economy turned to war production. Wages and prices continued to rise,
and the original minimum wage ceased to be relevant. However, this new
law still excluded millions of working people, as did social security.
However, a severe recession led many people to turn against New Deal
policies. In addition, World War II erupted in September 1939. Causing
an enormous growth in the economy as war goods were once again in
great demand. No major New Deal legislation was enacted after 1938.
The Depression was a devastating event in America, and by regulating
banks and the stock market the New Deal eliminated the dubious
financial practices that had helped precipitate the Great Depression.
However, Roosevelt's chief fiscal tool, deficit spending, proved to be
ineffective in averting downturns in the economy.