This can result in severe penalties that continue long after punishment is completed.
这会导致在得到惩罚之后,继续得到很久的严重的惩罚。
result in 是”导致“的意思;
severe penalties 是”严重的惩罚“的意思;
that continue long after punishment is completed是定语从句,修饰前面的”严重的惩罚“;
其中,after punishment is completed是时间状语从句,修饰前面的continue.