推荐回答(5个)
艾滋病病毒感染一般要经过一个较长的潜伏期,然后才逐步发展成为艾滋病病人,其临床表现复杂多变,主要是全身症状和机会性疾病的症状与体征,如全身症状为:发热、盗汗、疲倦、慢性腹泻、消瘦,体重骤减超过原重量10%,还有皮肤病变和淋巴结肿大。机会性疾病包括:各种机会感染和恶性肿瘤,如卡氏肺囊虫性肺炎和卡波济氏肉瘤。近年又进一步分为几个阶段:
(1)急性感染期
患者约在感染大量病毒后的2~6周,可以出现全身疲乏无力、低热、肌肉酸痛、淋巴结肿大、盗汗和多汗少有皮疹、头痛、关节痛,极个别病人发生中枢神经系统病症、脑膜炎或外周神经病变。有急性感染期症状者占总感染发病人数的15%~20%。这期往往1周后症状自愈,也有部分病人通过对症处理,症状消失。进入一般相当长的无症状期。有报道此期中个别人有因严重的中枢神经系统疾病或者严重的继发感染而死亡,此期初时,血清中抗体阴性,待症状消退时,血清中抗-HIV抗体转阳。
(2)无症状持续带毒期
此期开始一段时间内,如同健康人一样,绝大多数艾滋病病毒携带状态者无任何症状,也不知道何时感染上艾滋病毒的。无症状期时间的长短因人而异,可为数月至数年;一般说成人为1~8年(平均3到4年),婴幼儿半年~1.5年(平均1年)。此期的临床表现是部分病人偶有淋巴结肿大,多为对称性,其肿大的程度手可触及到,但不致大到肿块状,该淋巴结肿大时而出现,时而消退,反复长长退退,易被病人忽视。血清中能测出抗HIV抗体。这一期从发病机理上分析是一个逐渐的T4淋巴细胞耗损期,免疫功能逐渐损伤,有发生致使性重症的潜在的危险,同时,因为此期病人多无症状,也是最为主要的传染源。
(3)艾滋病相关综合征(AIDS-Related
Complex,
Arc)相关综合征(ARc)
代表着一组或一群症状,如长期发热、体重明显减轻、持续性的全身淋巴结肿大、持久性腹泻。口腔病变如口腔蕈样白斑、口腔鹅口疮及多种多样的病毒、隐球菌、传染性软疣、癣、真菌感染的皮肤病。医学上将它闪统称为艾滋病相关综合征。有些仅仅表现淋巴结肿大的病人可维持相当长时间,但也有只经过很短时间就发展至艾滋病患者,大约半年~1年时间。
(4)艾滋病病变期
经过上述三期病征,最后是艾滋病病变期。此期发病机理是由于T4淋巴细胞的大量耗损消失,人类天然屏障的其它细胞如巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞功能均明显下降,致使造成严重的细胞性免疫缺陷,而导致艾滋病的形成。各种症状都逐渐发生表现出来,日趋严重,如渐渐消瘦、疲惫无力;同时或随之发生各种机会性感染和恶性肿瘤,还有中枢神经系统感染。病人多于半年至1年后死亡,病死率最高是肺孢子虫
艾滋病毒感染分为两个阶段,早期主要表现为发热、头痛、肌肉痛、全身关节痛,经过一段时间,病毒进入淋巴细胞系统潜伏下来,无任何症状;艾滋病的症状主要发生在晚期,免疫功能被摧毁,出现感染和肿瘤。
艾滋病的窗口期一般在6周之内,感染艾滋病初期症状会有些类似感冒,如发热,头痛,厌食,关节痛,淋巴结肿大等症状,一段时间以后会消失。最准确的诊断方式是血清检查。
轻微发烧,乏困,短时间体重下降,身上出现瘀点班或莫名其妙咳嗽
高危人群有:同性恋者、性乱者和有多个性伙伴者、静脉药瘾者、接受输血以及血液制品者、血友病患者、父母是艾滋病病人的儿童。
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