推荐回答(1个)
美国政府现在一共有7支建制队伍,称之为U.S. Uniformed Services,其中5个即美军的5个军种。美军正式全称是U.S. Armed Forces“美国武装部队”,常用简称有U.S. Forces或U.S. Military,其军种是:美国陆军,U.S. Army;美国海军,U.S. Navy(缩写USN);美国空军,U.S. Air Force(缩写USAF);美国海军陆战队,U.S. Marine Corps(缩写USMC);美国海岸卫队,U.S. Coast Guard(缩写USCG)。平时,USCG属非作战军种,承担海上执法任务,接受国土安全部领导。战时,USCG接受海军部领导。其他4军种归属国防部,接受国防部下面的军种部门领导:陆军部领导美国陆军;空军部领导USAF;海军部领导USN和USMC。
美国陆军设有正式兵种,分为作战兵种(Combat Arms)、作战支援兵种(Combat Support)、作战保障支援兵种(Combat Service Support)三种类型。作战兵种有:步兵(Infantry)、装甲(Armor)、野战炮兵(Field Artillery,缩写FA)、防空炮兵(Air Defence Artillery,缩写ADA)、陆军航空兵(Army Aviation)、特种部队(Special Forces)。作战支援兵种有:工兵(Corps of Engineers)、通信(Signal Corps)、军事情报(Military Intelligence,缩写MI)、宪兵(Military Police,缩写MP)、防化(Chemical Corps)、民事(Civil Affairs,缩写CA)、心战(Psychological Operations)。作战保障支援兵种有:军法(Judge Advocate General's Corps,缩写JAG)、副官(Adjutant General's Corps)、牧师(Chapalian Corps)、财务(Finance Corps)、运输(Transportation Corps)、军需(Quartermaster Corps)、弹药(Ordance Corps)、医务(Medical Corps)、牙医(Dental Corps)、护士(Nurse Corps)、医疗服务(Medical Service Corps)。
美国海军的作战支援兵种大致与陆军相同,主要区别在于作战兵种。海军作战力量分为4大战术兵种:航空战术(Aviation Warfare),即我们平时说指的海军航空兵(Naval Aviation); 水面战术(Surface Warfare),水面舰艇作战使命;潜艇战术(Submarine Warfare);特种战术(Special Warfare),即海军特种部队。每个战术兵种下又有若干个不同专业。
美国空军前身是美国陆军航空队(U.S. Army Air Forces),直到1947年才正式脱离陆军。美国空军目前发放11类专业徽章作为兵种标志:飞行员(Pilot)、空间与导弹(Space & Missile)、导航员(Navigator)、空勤员(Aircrew)、飞行军医(Flight Surgeon)、职业(Occupational)、医务(Medical)、宗教(Religious)、空军消防(Air Force Fire Portection)、宪兵(Security Forces)、排弹(Exlosive Ordance Disposal,缩写EDO)。职业徽章下又有许多不同专业划分,比如航空管制(Air Traffic Control,缩写ATC)、后勤(Logistics)、工兵(Civil Engineer)、情报(Intelligence),等等。
美国海军陆战队作战兵种基本上与陆军相同,海军陆战队航空兵(Marine Aviation)装备固定翼飞机,这与陆军航空兵有所不同。此外,海军陆战队缺乏一些作战保障支援兵种,如军医和军法。在这种情况下,海军相关兵种承担海军陆战队的任务。
美国其他两支非军事化建制队伍分别是国家海洋大气局部队(NOAA Commissioned Corps)和公共卫生署部队(PHS Commissioned Corps)。除了美国军法外,这两支部队要服从美军其他有关规定,实施类似军衔的衔别制度,但只有军官或准军官级别。国家海洋大气局接受商务部领导,公共卫生署接受卫生与人类服务部领导。
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