关于虚拟语气、

北 京 四 中

虚拟语气

动词语气是用来表明说话人的看法和态度的。英语中的语气有三种：
⒈ 陈述语气：
表示说话人认为他所表述的是事实，可用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句，可以是肯定的、也可以是否定的。
如：
If he comes here, I shall tell him.
如果他来这里，我会告诉他。（他很可能来）

⒉ 祈使语气：
表示对说话对方的要求、命令、请求、警告等，用于祈使句中。
如：
Lock up the door.
把门锁上。（表达命令）

⒊ 虚拟语气：
表示所说的话是一种假设、主观愿望、建议、推测等。
如：
I wish he could come.
我希望他能来就好了。（表达愿望）

He suggested that we ( should ) come another day.
他建议我们改天来。（ 表建议 ）

一 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：
英语中if 从句有两种：一种是以陈述语气叙述的叫做真实条件句，说明所提出的假想是可以实现的；另一种是以虚拟语气叙述的，叫非真实条件句，说明所提出的假想实现的可能性极小或与事实相反。这种虚拟语气一般因所指的时间的不同而分三种情况：
⒈ 表示与现在事实相反：
If + 从句主语 + 动词的过去式…，主语+should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形…
（be 一般用were）

如：
①If I were you, I would go by plane.
如果我是你，我将坐飞机去。（ In fact I am not you. ）

②If he were here, he would decide what to do.
如果他在这里，他会决定做什么。（In fact he isn’t here.）

③If I had the letter at hand, I would read it.
如果我手头有这封信的话，我会读它的。（In fact I don’t have the letter at hand.）

④If she knew about it now, she would come.
如果她现在要是知道这件事的话，她会来的。（In fact she doesn’t know about it.）

⑤If he had time, he would go with you.
如果他有时间，他会同你一起去的。（In fact he is very busy, so he can’t go with you.）

⒉ 表示与过去事实相反：
If + 从句主语 + had + 过去分词…，主语+should/ would/ could/ might +have +过去分词…
如：
①If he had come here yesterday, I should have told him.
如果他昨天到这里来，我早就告诉他了。
(Fact: He did not come and I did not tell him.)

②If I had taken his advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.
如果我当时接受了他的劝告，我是不会犯那样一个错误的。
(Fact: I didn’t take his advice and I made such a mistake.)

③If I hadn’t been so busy last Monday, I would have called her.
如果我上周一不忙的话，我早就给她打电话了。
(Fact: I was busy last Monday and I didn’t call her.)

⒊ 与将来事实可能相反：
①动词的过去式…，
If + 从句主语 + ②should +动词原形…， + 主语 + should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形…
③were to +动词原形…，
如：
①If it should snow/snowed/were to snow tomorrow, I would not go out.
如果明天下雪的话，我就不出去了。
(But I know it won’t snow tomorrow.）

②If he failed/should fail/were to fail, he would try again.
如果他失败的话，他会再试一次。
(I know that most probably he won’t fail.）

③If I had time next year, I would study German.
如果我明年有时间的话，我就学德语。
(I know that most probably I won’t have time next year.)

◆ 在书面语中，有时if虚拟从句可使用倒装形式，方法是：如果if从句中含有were, had 或should时，把条件从句中的if省略，将were/ should/ had 移至主语之前。
如：
①If I were in his place, I should learn to drive.
→ Were I in his place, I should learn to drive.
如果我处于他的地位，我一定学开车。

②If it should snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
→ Should it snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雪，会议将会延期。

③If they had helped us, we would have succeeded.
→ Had they helped us, we would have succeeded.
如果他们帮助了我们，我们早就成功了。

④If it were to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
→ Were it to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
万一明天下雪的话，你怎么办。

◆ 如果从句和主句所表示的动作发生的时间不一致，例如：一个与过去事实相反，另一个与现在事实相反，动词的虚拟语气形式应根据所指的实际时间来选用。
如：
①If he were alive, he might have finished his scientific researches on the bridge-building three years ago.
如果他现在还活着，他可能三年前就完成了他的桥梁建筑科研工作了。
（从句所表示的动作与现在事实相反，主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反）

②If you had followed his advice, you would not be in trouble now.
如果你当初听从他的建议，你现在就不会陷入这种困境了。
（从句表示的动作与过去相反，主句所表示的动作与现在相反）

③If I had followed the doctor’s advice, I would be quite all right now.
如果我当时听从了医生的建议，我现在就完全恢复了健康。
（从句所表示的动作与过去相反，主句所表示的动作与现在相反）

④If I were you, I would have gone with her.
如果我是你，我早就和她一起去了。
（从句表示与现在事实相反，主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反）

◆ 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示
如：
①We could have done better under more favourable conditions.
在更有利的条件下，我们还可以做得更好些。

②Without the warmth and light of the sun, the earth’s vegetation would die almost immediately.
如果没有太阳的热量和光，地球上的植物几乎会马上死去。

◆ 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式来表现：
如：
①I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meet.
我那天生病了，否则就参加运动会了。

②But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
要是没有碰到暴风雨，我们还会早一些到的。

③I would have written before, but I have been ill.
本来该早就给你写信的，但我生病了。

二 虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用：
wish 的各种时态都不影响从句的时态
⒈ 与现在事实相反的愿望：
wish + 从句主语+ 动词的过去式
如：
①He wishes he were a bird.
他希望自己是一只小鸟。

②I wish I were ten years younger.
真希望自己年轻十岁。

③I wish I remembered the address.
我要是记得地址就好了。

⒉ 与过去事实相反的愿望：
wish + 从句主语+ had + 动词的过去分词
如：
①She wished she had been braver then.
她真希望那时她胆子大一些。

②I wish he had gone to the exhibition.
要是他去参观展览会就好了。

③I wish you had been here yesterday.
要是你昨天在这里就好了。

④We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation.
但愿我们过去对发音注意得更多一些。

⒊ 与将来事实可能相反的愿望：
wish + 从句主语+ should/would/could/might + 动词原形
如：
①We wish that he could be with us tomorrow.
但愿他明天和我们在一起。

②I wish he would try again.
我希望他还能再试一次。

三 虚拟语气在suggest, demand, propose, command, request, desire, order, insist等动词之后的宾语从句中，表示命令和建议：
suggest/ demand/ propose/ command/ request/ desire/ order/ insist/ask(请求，要求)+(that) + sb.+ (should ) +动词原形
如：
①We suggest that the meeting (should) be postponed.
我们建议会议延期。

②They insist that he (should ) obey every command.
他们坚持他该服从命令。

③The chairman proposed that they (should) stop the meeting.
主席建议他们把会议停下来。

④The leader ordered the soldiers (should) be sent to the front at once.
那位领导人下令马上派兵上前线。

⑤They asked that arrangements (should) be made to send the comrades back to Beijing.
他们要求作好安排把这些同志送回北京。

⑥The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.
工人们要求增加工资。

◆suggest的主语如果不是指人，而是指某一现象时，其后的宾语从句常不表示建议，而是暗示一种情况，此时的宾语从句中不用虚拟语气（sb. should do sth. ）, 而应根据内容使用正确的时态。
如：
I suggested that the meeting (should) not be put off in spite of the rain.
我建议不要因为下雨而推迟会议。

The look on her face suggested she was sad.
她脸上的表情表明她难过。（was不能改成should be）

◆如果insist后面的宾语从句不是表示对未来某一动作的主张或要求，而是坚持过去或当时的某一事实，则其宾语从句不用虚拟语气(should do sth.), 而应根据内容使用正确的时态。
如：
He insisted we discuss the problem at the meeting.
他坚持在会议上我们要讨论这个问题。

He insisted he hadn’t spoken ill of you behind your back.
他坚持说他没有在背后说你的坏话。

四 虚拟语气在as if/though 从句中的应用：
在as if/though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况，它们所引导的表示虚拟性比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气。动词形式和wish后面的从句中动词形式变化相同。
如：
①I have loved you as if you were my son.
我喜欢你，就好像你是我的儿子。

②They were sitting there as if nothing had happened.
他们只是坐在那里就像什么事都没发生过。

③They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
他们说话很亲热就像多年的老朋友。

④I heard a noise as if someone were breathing.
我听到了声音就像有人在呼吸。
(as if从句的虚拟语气用进行时态表示与主句的动作同时发生)

◆as if/though 引导的从句有时依句意需要，也可用陈述语气，表示说话人认为有可能是事实的事
如：
①It seems as if she knows me.
似乎她认识我。（事实上她认识我的可能性很大）

②He walks as if he is drunk.
他走起路来像是喝醉了酒。（事实上他可能真的喝醉了）

五 虚拟语气在It’s (high) time…中的应用：
It’s (high) time that sb. +动词过去式/ should do sth.
如：
①It’s time that we went/should go to bed.
我们该睡觉了。

②It’s high time that we stopped/should stop this practice.
我们的确该停止这种做法了。

六 虚拟语气在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中的应用：
一般多用may 或might（口语中也可用can/could）
如：
①Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
请说得明白些，以便他们都能懂你的话。

②I lent them some money in order that they might go for a holiday.
我借给他们一些钱以便他们可以去度假。

七 虚拟语气在for fear that, lest 和in case引导的从句中的应用：
这时谓语动词多用should加动词原形
如：
①I took my umbrella with me lest it should rain.
我带上雨伞怕下雨。

②He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
他把所有的重要文件都烧毁了，怕它们会落入敌人的手中。

③Here’s some money in case you should need it.
这儿有点钱以防你需要用。

八 虚拟语气在某些表语从句和同位语从句中的应用：
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request等词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，常用： (should) +动词原形，用来适合于说话人所表示的建议、要求、命令等语气。
如：
①Her suggestion is that we should go to help them.
她的建议是我们理应去帮助他们。（表语从句）

②The officer’s order was that the bridge be destroyed before daylight.
军官命令在拂晓前炸毁桥梁。（表语从句）

③My idea is that we send a few comrades to help the other groups.
我的意见是派几个同志去帮助别的小组。（表语从句）

④What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?
他建议在英语晚会上演一个剧，你觉得怎么样。（同位语从句）

⑤I agree with the plan that she visit London this summer.
我同意她今年夏季出访伦敦。（同位语从句）

⑥The advice that steps be taken at once sounds reasonable.
立即采取步骤的建议听起来有道理。（同位语从句）

九 在It is important/natural/necessary/strange that…的主语从句中：
(should ) + 动词原形
如：
①It is important that we (should) unite with all that can be united in the struggle.
在斗争中团结一切可以团结的人是非常重要的。

②It is necessary that I (should) return the book this morning.
今天早上我有必要还书。

③It is strange that she (should) go away without saying good-bye.
奇怪的是她不说再见就走了。

④It was quite natural that my picture (should) surprise them.
我的照片使他们吃惊是十分自然的。

十 在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposed…that…和It’s a pity that…的主语从句中：
(should) + 动词原形
如：
①It is requested that he give a performance at the party.
有人请求他在聚会上表演一个节目。

②It has been decided that the meeting be postponed till next Saturday.
已经决定会议延期到下周日。

③It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight.
希望一切在今晚准备好。

④It is a pity that he should be so conceited.
真遗憾他会这样自高自大。

(十一) 在expect, believe, think等动词的否定形式后的宾语从句中，用should + 动词原形/ 完成形式，表惊奇、怀疑等语气
如：
①I never expected that the problem should be so complicated.
我从没想过这个问题会这样复杂。

②I never thought he should refuse.
我从没想到他会拒绝。

(十二) 在if only 引导的句中：
如：
①If only I had not lost it.
我要是没丢多好呀。

②If only we had taken his advice.
我们要是听从了他的建议就好了。

③If only the letter had arrived in time.
信要是及时到就好了。

④If only he were here.
要是他在这里就好了 。

(十三)在某些表示祝愿的句子中：
谓语动词用动词原形
如：
①Long live the Communist Party of China!
中国共产党万岁！

②May the friendship between our two peoples last forever.
祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。

③May you succeed!
祝你成功！

（十四） 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态，表示说话人客气、有礼貌或语气婉转
如：
①Would you mind my smoking here?
我在这里吸烟你介意吗？

②Could you come a little earlier next time?
下次你稍微早点来好吗？

③You had better leave the matter to me.
你最好把这事交给我。

(十五)在even if 引导的让步状语从句中，表示一种假设，构成虚拟语气，其虚拟语气构成形式与if虚拟条件句相同
如：
①Even if he had been tended without delay, nothing would have saved him.
即使他受到立即治疗，也没有什么东西能救他。

②Even if I were there, I shouldn’t be able to solve the problem by myself.
即使我在那儿，我也不能自己解决这个问题。

听老师之间的对话学习虚拟语气