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1、 钠与氧气(常温):4Na + O2 = 2Na2O (加热)2Na + O2 △ Na2O2钠与水反应:2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2↑ 离方: 2、铁与水蒸气反应:3Fe + 4H2O(g) △ Fe3O4 + 4H2 3、铝与氢氧化钠溶液反应:2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O = 2NaAlO2 + 3H2↑ 离方: 4、过氧化钠与水反应:2Na2O2 + 2H2O = 4NaOH + O2↑ 离方: 过氧化钠与二氧化碳反应:2Na2O2 + 2CO2 = 2Na2CO3 + O25、Na2CO3溶液加入过量盐酸:Na2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+CO2↑+H2O 离方: NaHCO3和盐酸反应:NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2↑+H2O 离方: NaHCO3和NaOH反应:NaHCO3+ NaOH = Na2CO3+H2O 离方: NaOH溶液中通入少量CO2:2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O 离方: 继续通入过量CO2:Na2CO3+CO2+H2O =2NaHCO3 离方: 总: NaOH + CO2 = NaHCO3 离方: NaHCO3固体受热分解:2NaHCO3 Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O6、氧化铝与盐酸反应:Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 离方: 氧化铝与氢氧化钠溶液反应:Al2O3 + 2NaOH = 2NaAlO2 + H2O 离方: 7、Al(OH)3的制备:Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH3•H2O = 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3(NH4)2SO4 离方: 氢氧化铝与盐酸反应:Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O 离方: 氢氧化铝与氢氧化钠溶液反应:Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAlO2 + 2H2O 离方: 氢氧化铝加热分解:2Al(OH)3 △ Al2O3 + 3H2O8、氧化亚铁与盐酸反应:FeO + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2O 离方: 氧化铁与盐酸反应:Fe2O3 + 6HCl = 2FeCl3 + 3H2O 离方: 9、Fe(OH)3的制备:FeCl3 + 3NaOH = Fe(OH)3↓+ 3NaCl 离方: Fe(OH)2的制备:FeSO4 + 2NaOH = Fe(OH)2↓+ Na2SO4 离方: Fe(OH)2被空气中的氧气氧化成Fe(OH)3: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2+ 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3 (现象: )氢氧化铁加热分解:2Fe(OH)3 △ Fe2O3 + 3H2O10、Fe3+向Fe2+转化(加铁粉):2FeCl3 + Fe = 3FeCl2 离方: Fe2+向Fe3+转化(加氯水):2FeCl2 + Cl2 = 2FeCl3 离方: 11、二氧化硅与氢氟酸反应:SiO2 + 4HF = SiF4↑+ 2H2O 二氧化硅与氢氧化钠溶液反应:SiO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SiO3 + H2O 离方: 二氧化硅与氧化钙高温反应:SiO2 + CaO 高温 CaSiO3 工业制玻璃原理:SiO2 + Na2CO3 高温 Na2SiO3 + CO2↑ SiO2 + CaCO3 高温 CaSiO3 + CO2↑12、硅酸钠溶液中通入二氧化碳:Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O = Na2CO3 + H2SiO3↓离方: 硅酸钠与盐酸反应:Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2SiO3↓ 离方: 硅酸受热分解:H2SiO3 △ SiO2 + H2O13、粗硅的制取:SiO2 + 2C 高温 Si + 2CO↑ 14、硅单质与F2、HF、NaOH溶液:Si + 2F2 = SiF4 Si + 4HF = SiF4 + 2H2↑Si + 2NaOH + H2O = NaSiO3↓ +2H2↑ 15、氯气与金属反应:2Na + Cl2 点燃 2NaCl 2Fe + 3Cl2 点燃 2FeCl3 Cu + Cl2 点燃 CuCl2氯气与非金属H2反应:H2 + Cl2点燃 2HCl 氯气与水反应:Cl2 + H2O = HCl + HClO 离方: HClO光照下分解:2HClO 光照 2HCl + O2↑制漂白液(或氯气尾气处理):Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaCl + NaClO + H2O 离方: 制漂白粉(或漂粉精):2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O漂白粉长期置露在空气中失效:Ca(ClO)2 + CO2 + H2O = CaCO3↓+ 2HClO ,2HClO 光 2HCl + O2↑16、硫与非金属:S + O2 点燃 SO2 H2+ S △ H2S 硫与金属: Fe + S △ FeS 2Cu + S △ Cu2S17、二氧化硫与水反应:SO2 + H2O H2SO3 二氧化硫与碱性氧化物反应:SO2 + CaO = CaSO3 二氧化硫与碱反应:SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O 离方: 二氧化硫与硫化氢气体反应:2H2S +SO2 = 3S↓ + 2H2O 二氧化硫通入氯水中:SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O = 2HCl + H2SO4 (Cl2可换作Br2、I2)离方: 二氧化硫被O2氧化:2SO2 + O2 2SO318、三氧化硫:SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 SO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO4↓ + H2O19、氮气与氧气在放电下反应:N2 + O2 放电或高温 2NO一氧化氮与氧气反应:2NO + O2 = 2NO2二氧化氮与水反应:3NO2 + H2O = 2HNO3 + NO有关NO、NO2、O2混合气体溶于水的计算:4NO2 + O2 +2H2O = 4HNO3 4NO + 3O2 +2H2O = 4HNO320、NH3在水中的反应:NH3 + H2O NH3•H2O NH4++ OH—NH3•H2O受热分解:NH3•H2O △ NH3↑ + H2O 氨气与氯化氢反应:NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl 21、氯化铵受热分解:NH4Cl △ NH3↑ + HCl↑ 碳酸氢氨受热分解:NH4HCO3 △ NH3↑ + H2O↑ + CO2↑ 硝酸铵与氢氧化钠反应:NH4NO3 + NaOH △ NaNO3 +NH3↑ + H2O (检验NH4+的方法: 离方: 22、实验室制取氨气:2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 △ CaCl2 + 2NH3↑+ 2H2O 工业合成氨:N2 + 3H2 2NH323、浓硫酸与铜反应:Cu + 2H2SO4(浓) △ CuSO4 + SO2↑+ 2H2O浓硫酸与木炭反应:C + 2H2SO4(浓) △ CO2 ↑+ 2SO2↑+ 2H2O 24、浓硝酸与铜反应:Cu + 4HNO3(浓) = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑+ 2H2O 稀硝酸与铜反应:3Cu + 8HNO3(稀) = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO↑+ 4H2O离方: 浓硝酸与木炭反应:C + 4HNO3(浓) = CO2↑+ 4NO2↑+ 2H2O
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