北京的地势,地形,气候有何特点?

2025-01-01 06:04:34
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

一,北京位于东经115.7°—117.4°,北纬39.4°—41.6°,中心位于北纬39°54′20″,东经116°25′29″,总面积16410.54平方千米。北京位于华北平原北部,背靠燕山,毗邻天津市和河北省。北京的气候为典型的北温带半湿润大陆性季风气候。
二,地形地貌
北京市山区面积10200平方千米,约占总面积的62%,平原区面积为6200平方千米,约占总面积的38%。北京的地形西北高,东南低。北京市平均海拔43.5米。北京平原的海拔高度在20~60米,山地一般海拔1000~1500米。
北京西部为西山属太行山脉;北部和东北部为军都山属燕山山脉。最高的山峰为京西门头沟区的东灵山,海拔2303米。最低的地面为通州区东南边界。两山在南口关沟相交,形成一个向东南展开的半圆形大山弯,人们称之为“北京弯”,它所围绕的小平原即为北京小平原。诚如古人所言:“幽州之地,左环沧海,右拥太行,北枕居庸,南襟河济,诚天府之国”。
三,气候环境
北京的气候为典型的北温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,夏季高温多雨,冬季寒冷干燥,春、秋短促。全年无霜期180~200天,西部山区较短。2007年平均降雨量483.9毫米,为华北地区降雨最多的地区之一。降水季节分配很不均匀,全年降水的80%集中在夏季6、7、8三个月,7、8月有大雨。
北京太阳辐射量全年平均为112~136千卡/厘米。两个高值区分别分布在延庆盆地及密云县西北部至怀柔东部一带,年辐射量均在135千卡/厘米以上;低值区位于房山区的霞云岭附近,年辐射量为112千卡/厘米。北京年平均日照时数在2000~2800小时之间。最大值在延庆县和古北口,为2800小时以上,最小值分布在霞云岭,日照为2063小时。夏季正当雨季,日照时数减少,月日照在230小时左右;秋季日照时数虽没有春季多,但比夏季要多,月日照230~245小时;冬季是一年中日照时数最少季节,月日照不足200小时,一般在170~190小时。

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