洞庭湖如何对长江洪峰起到消减作用?

2025-01-23 05:59:18
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

湖泊的调蓄作用 湖泊作为天然水库,除了能拦蓄本流域上游来水,减轻下游洪水的压力外,还可分蓄江河洪水,降低于流河段的洪峰流量,滞缓洪峰发生的时间,发挥调蓄作用。
以洞庭湖为例,洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖。它的水源:北有松滋、太平、藕池、调弦(已封堵)4口分泄长江水入湖(占入湖总水量37.7%),南、西有湘、资、沅、澧4大水系入汇(占53.9%),湖区四周中小河注入(占8.4%),各方水流入湖停蓄后,在湖区东北角经城陵矶出湖入长江。现有水域2691平方公里,最大水深10.5米,最大容积200余亿立方米。故接纳4水、吞吐长江的洞庭湖,是调蓄长江中游干、支流洪水的重要的天然水库。洞庭湖的削峰作用从表3-17可见,4水、4口的入湖洪水,经过洞庭湖调蓄,多年(1951—1983)平均削减了洪峰流量的28.4%。1954年最大削峰量可达20653立方米/秒。据统计4口1951—1983年多年平均分流量为1180亿立方米,占入湖总量37.7%,而多年平均汛期(5—10月)分流量为1094亿立方米,故长江分流入湖水量中92.7%是在汛期入湖的。显然洞庭湖已成为长江汛期的天然分洪、滞洪区了。1954年特大洪水时,洞庭湖甚至削减了长江干流约1/2的洪峰流量,因发挥了巨大的作用。然而从此3表中也可以看出,近30多年来,洞庭湖的调蓄能力在不断地减弱,这是由于湖区泥沙淤积,湖泊容积不断减少所致。多年平均入湖泥沙达1.335亿立方米,其中又以长江4口挟带的泥沙为主,约占其中82%,而多年平均出湖泥沙仅0.351亿立方米,平均每年沉积在湖区的泥沙为0.984亿立方米,洞庭湖通过蓄浑吐清,固然对减轻长江干流河床泥沙的沉积、稳定干流河床起着有利的作用,但是,泥沙沉积湖底,日积月累就使洞庭湖的面积、容积逐年减小,从而削弱了其调蓄能力。据1954年及1983年湖区实测地形图对比,城陵矶水位23米时,容积减少59%,33米时,容积减少40%。一般与河流相通的外流湖均有调蓄作用。鄱阳湖在一般年份可调节来水量的15—30%,而特大洪水年,如1954年,它削减了入湖峰量的50%以上,其削峰量为23400立方米/秒。湖泊调蓄能力的大小,首先决定于湖泊容积,其次决定于内湖水位与外江水位之间的涨落关系及差值。以江汉湖群为例,在沿江口门未设控制闸前,江湖相通,内湖与外江水位涨落同步变化,故调节能力有限。江湖分家后,一般根据预报、汛前泄空湖容,洪水期再开闸蓄洪,因而提高了湖泊的蓄洪能力。湖区泥沙沉积影响湖泊的调蓄是自然因素,而盲目围湖造田、人为因素削弱湖泊的调蓄能力和破坏湖泊资源的现象,更应该引起重视,已出现的问题也要采取还田为湖等措施妥善解决。据统计,仅洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、江汉湖群因围垦而失去湖泊容积达350亿立方米,导致可调蓄的淡水资源损失相当于淮河正常径流量的1.3倍,比东线南水北调计划引水1000立方米/秒的 流量还多35亿立方米的水量。

回答2:

  洞庭湖对长江干流洪水的调蓄过程是:长江干流洪峰时,大量洪水通过松滋口、太平口、藕池口等注入洞庭湖,这子啊很大程度上削减了洪峰的流量,减轻了干流防汛的压力,洞庭湖作为一个巨大的容器接纳了大量的长江洪水再从城陵矶注入长江,这就起到了蓄洪、削峰和滞峰的作用。
  洞庭湖是燕山运动断陷所形成,第四纪至今,均处于振荡式的负向运动中,形成外围高、中部低平的碟形盆地。盆缘有桃花山、太阳山、太浮山等500米左右的岛状山地突起,环湖丘陵海拔在250米以下,滨湖岗地低于120米者为侵蚀阶地,低于60米者为基座和堆积阶地;中部由湖积、河湖冲积、河口三角洲和外湖组成的堆积平原,大多在25~45米,呈现水网平原景观。洞庭湖分为西、南、东洞庭湖。湖底地面自西北向东南微倾。

回答3:

洞庭湖和长江进入汛期的时间又先后。

所以长江水位高时,江水流向洞庭湖,从而对洪峰起到消减的作用。

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