推荐回答(2个)
湄公河地形可分为5个区:北部高原、安南山脉(长山山脉)、南部高地、呵叻高原和湄公河平原。北部高原包括老挝北部,泰国的黎府和清莱省山区,到处是崇山峻岭,高程达1500~2800m,只有少量的高地平原和河谷冲积台地。安南山脉从西北向东南延伸800余km,北部和中部的山坡较陡,南部为丘陵地区。南坡和西坡受西南季风的影响,雨量较大,而中部河谷较干旱。南部高地包括柬埔寨的豆寇山脉,东面为绵延山地,西南为丘陵地。呵叻高原包括泰国东北部和老挝的一部分,为长宽各约500km的蝶状山间盆地,支流蒙河和锡河流经这里。湄公河平原为大片低地,包括三角洲地区。
在当地被称为昂曲和札曲的上源,发源於青海省南界唐古喇山中海拔4,900公尺(16,000呎)馀的高地。它们向东南流经西藏昌都地区。被称为澜沧江的主河朝南面下泻,穿越被侵蚀切割成丘陵和谷地的云南高原,到达景洪南面一点,成为中缅界河。河水接著朝西南方向奔流;长201公里(125哩)馀的河段形成缅甸、老挝之间的边界。
缅甸以下流域可分为6个主要部分——北部高地、呵叻高原、东部高地、南部低地、南部高地与三角洲。下游流域植被的多数属热带阔叶树种,不过随著纬度与地形的不同,也出现不同的个别树种。
北部高地有高褶皱山岭,高约海拔2,743公尺(9,000呎),许多山岭山坡陡峭。永珍下游东-西向河道的南面为呵叻高原,几乎囊括了湄公河流域在泰国的所有部分,以及在老挝的湄公河支流的下游。这是一片起伏和缓的丘陵,与平坦的冲积平原纵横交错。东部高地是安南山脉的组成部分,山中河流从西面注入湄公河。在越南的奇山(Ky Son,孟仙〔Muong Sen〕)与柬埔寨的桔井(Kracheh)之间的大部地段,分水岭构成东面的越南与西面的老挝和柬埔寨之间的边界。
南部低地与老挝巴塞(Pakxe)下游湄公河两边均毗连。湄公河在孔南瀑布(Khone Falls)猝然一跌流入柬埔寨。在孔南瀑布与桔井之间,激流险滩与冲积平原交错。在磅湛(Kampong Cham)以下,河床坡度变缓,河水流经其氾滥平原上的广阔冲积带。在金边附近,湄公河与洞里萨河(Tonle Sap)汇合,并通过後者与洞里萨湖连接起来。洞里萨河的流向因季节而异。在汛期高峰,当湄公河水位高时,水经洞里萨河流入湖中,湖面在此时从2,590平方公里(1,000平方哩)馀增加到约10,360平方公里(4,000平方哩)的最大面积。在旱季,当洪水退去时,洞里萨河逆向朝东南泻入湄公河中。洞里萨湖是一个高产渔场。
柬埔寨西南部的象山山脉与豆蔻(Kravanh)山脉组成南部高地。洞里萨河的几条支流发源於这些高地。湄公河在金边以下分为两条支流︰湄公河自身与巴塞河。三角洲自此一直伸展到海边。三角洲总面积约为64,750平方公里(25,000平方哩),分为3大段。
湄公河干流河谷较宽,多弯道,经老挝境内的孔(Khone)瀑布进入低地,到柬埔寨金边与洞里萨(TonleSap)河交汇后,进入越南三角洲。三角洲面积4.95万km2,土地肥沃。河流过金边后分成两条汉河,一条叫湄公河,一条叫巴塞(Bassac)河。在河口附近,湄公河又分成3条汊河人海。
干流桔井以下可全年通航,桔井以上大水时可通小汽船,3000~4000t级船可上溯至金边。通过适当整治,湄公河可成为全线通航河流。
湄公河的主要支流都比较短小,长度均只有数百公里。其中最大支流是泰国境内的蒙河,该河发源于呵叻府,河流先向东北流,然后转向东流,最后在空坚附近注入湄公河,河流全长550km,流域面积15.4万km2,多年平均流量720m3/s,其最大支流是锡河。湄公河另一条较大支流是洞里萨河,该河发源于柬泰边境,河流向东南流,最后在金边注入湄公河。该河全长400km,流域面积8.4万km2,年平均流量960m3/s,其上游有洞里萨湖。金边附近分成前江与后江,三角洲上再分六支,经九个河口入海,故入海河段又名“九龙江”。大部分河槽深切,多峡谷,适宜建坝。于流有1,000余万千瓦水力,金边以下通3,000吨海轮。湄公河涨水时,水注入洞里萨湖,湖面积由2590km2增加到7700km2,而在冬季,湄公河水消退后,水从洞里萨河流人湄公河。洞里萨湖和洞里萨河可以通航。
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