高一化学:各种离子的检验方法

2025-01-21 20:29:02
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

一.几种重要阳离子的检验 离子 检验方法 H+ 能使紫色石蕊试液或橙色的甲基橙试液变为红色。 Na+、K+ 用焰色反应来检验时,它们的火焰分别呈黄色、浅紫色(通过钴玻片)。 Ba2+ 能使稀硫酸或可溶性硫酸盐溶液产生白色BaSO4沉淀,且沉淀不溶于稀硝酸。 Mg2+ 能与NaOH溶液反应生成白色Mg(OH)2沉淀,该沉淀能溶于NH4Cl溶液。 Al3+ 能与适量的NaOH溶液反应生成白色Al(OH)3絮状沉淀,该沉淀能溶于盐酸或过量的NaOH溶液。 Ag+ 能与稀盐酸或可溶性盐酸盐反应,生成白色AgCl沉淀,不溶于稀 HNO3,但溶于氨水,生成[Ag(NH3)2]+。 NH4+ 铵盐(或浓溶液)与NaOH浓溶液反应,并加热,放出使湿润的红色石蓝试纸变蓝的有刺激性气味NH3气体。 Fe2+ 能与少量NaOH溶液反应,先生成白色Fe(OH)2沉淀,迅速变成灰绿色,最后变成红褐色Fe(OH)3沉淀。或向亚铁盐的溶液里加入KSCN溶液,不显红色,加入少量新制的氯水后,立即显红色。2Fe2++Cl2=2Fe3++2Cl- Fe3+ 能与 KSCN溶液反应,变成血红色 Fe(SCN)3溶液,能与 NaOH溶液反应,生成红褐色Fe(OH)3沉淀。 Cu2+ 蓝色水溶液(浓的CuCl2溶液显绿色),能与NaOH溶液反应,生成蓝色的Cu(OH)2沉淀,加热后可转变为黑色的 CuO沉淀。含Cu2+溶液能与Fe、Zn片等反应,在金属片上有红色的铜生成。 二.几种重要的阴离子的检验 离子 检验方法 OH- 能使无色酚酞、紫色石蕊、橙色的甲基橙等指示剂分别变为红色、蓝色、黄色。 Cl- 能与硝酸银反应,生成白色的AgCl沉淀,沉淀不溶于稀硝酸,能溶于氨水,生成[Ag(NH3)2]+。 Br- 能与硝酸银反应,生成淡黄色AgBr沉淀,不溶于稀硝酸。 I- 能与硝酸银反应,生成黄色AgI沉淀,不溶于稀硝酸;也能与氯水反应,生成I2,使淀粉溶液变蓝。 SO42- 能与含Ba2+溶液反应,生成白色BaSO4沉淀,不溶于硝酸。 SO32- 浓溶液能与强酸反应,产生无色有刺激性气味的SO2气体,该气体能使品红溶液褪色。能与BaCl2溶液反应,生成白色BaSO3沉淀,该沉淀溶于盐酸,生成无色有刺激性气味的SO2气体。 S2- 能与Pb(NO3)2溶液反应,生成黑色的PbS沉淀。 CO32- 能与BaCl2溶液反应,生成白色的BaCO3沉淀,该沉淀溶于硝酸(或盐酸),生成无色无味、能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的CO2气体。 HCO3- 取含HCO3-盐溶液煮沸,放出无色无味CO2气体,气体能使澄清石灰水变浑浊。或向HCO3-盐酸溶液里加入稀MgSO4溶液,无现象,加热煮沸,有白色沉淀 MgCO3生成,同时放出 CO2气体。 PO43- 含磷酸根的中性溶液,能与AgNO3反应,生成黄色Ag3PO4沉淀,该沉淀溶于硝酸。 NO3- 浓溶液或晶体中加入铜片、浓硫酸加热,放出红棕色气体。

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