推荐回答(5个)
垃圾的成分极其复杂,焚烧时会生成一种多环芳香经化物,这类化合物可以通过呼吸道或食物链进入人体,在体内有机体未能抗御的情况下,可能会引起全身性的疾玻不少垃圾中有塑料制品和其它一些有害物质,一旦焚烧会产生大量烟雾、灰尘,甚至有毒物质,如一氧化碳、二氧化碳、苯的化合物等有害气体,还有不少致癌物质,对人体危害很大。 许多物质是不能或不宜用焚烧方式处理的,比如废旧电池等。塑料、人造棉等垃圾焚烧后会产生氯化物等有毒气体,会严重污染空气。有人对乱烧垃圾不以为然:“不就烧些枯枝败叶吗,这有何相干?”专家认为,落叶等垃圾是不能焚烧的,因为许多树叶能分泌油脂和黏液,这种分泌物能吸附滞留空气中的灰尘以及有毒有害的物质。而在燃烧时,还会产生大量的一氧化碳和致癌物苯并芘,直接危害人体健康。环卫部门明确要求,落叶应与生活垃圾一起集中进行无害化处理。 低温焚烧垃圾很难分解有害物质,如二恶英,只有将焚烧炉的温度提升到800度以上才能减少二恶英的产生。二恶英属于持久性有机污染物,在环境中不易降解、存留时间较长,可通过大气、水的输送而影响环境,并可通过食物链富集,最终能造成人体内分泌系统紊乱,生殖和免疫系统受到破坏,并诱发癌症和神经性疾病,严重影响人类健康。这些只是对于人类本身而言,而对于自然环境来说会严重污染大气,引起大气污染和地下水污染。多年来人们比较注重水体污染与大气污染及其采取的防治措施的研究,而对城市生活垃圾等固体废物的处理方法研究相对比较薄弱。在环境中一种形式的污染不可能与其他形式污染相隔绝,因生活垃圾对环境污染最终亦会导致对水体、大气的污染。自改革开放以来,大力发展城镇建设,城镇人口逐年大幅度增加,每天产生的生活垃圾是巨大的,因此应该在研究水体污染与空气污染治理同时,大力加强城市垃圾的无害化研究,这是当今环境保护中的当务之急。
垃圾焚烧烟气的污染物包含4类:煤烟、颗粒物及飘尘;酸性气体(如HCl、SO2、NOx);有毒重金属(如Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr)以及二恶英等卤代化合物。
其中几种常见污染物及危害有:
二氧化硫:形成工业烟雾, 高浓度时使人呼吸困难;进入大气层后,氧化为硫酸形成酸雨,对建筑、森林、湖泊、土壤危害大;形成悬浮颗粒物,又称气溶胶, 随着人的呼吸进入肺部, 对肺有直接损伤作用。
悬浮颗粒物 TSP:随呼吸进入肺, 沉积后引起呼吸系统疾病。颗粒物上容易附着多种有害物质,有些有致癌性,有些会诱发花粉过敏症;若沉积在植物叶面,将干扰植物光合作用。
氮氧化物:刺激人的眼、鼻、喉和肺, 增加病毒感染的发病率,例如引起导致支气管炎和肺炎的流行性感冒, 诱发肺细胞癌变;形成城市的烟雾, 影响可见度;破坏树叶的组织, 抑制植物生长;在空中形成硝酸小滴, 产生酸雨等。
有毒微量有机污染物:如多环芳烃、多氯联苯和二恶英等,有致癌等危害。
大气污染,土地污染,还可能造成水污染哦!所以不要随便焚烧垃圾哦!
主要有二恶英、飞灰、底灰等等,推荐一篇文章《垃圾焚烧处理负面影响综述》,链接 http://www.cn-hw.net/html/27/200807/7178.html。
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