清军入关后,蓝红黄白八旗各定何方?吴三桂本部军又定何方?
推荐回答(2个)
清代的八旗军,包括八旗满洲、蒙古、汉军在行军、驻营时所居的位置是固定的。据说是依“五行相克”说制订的。在《八旗通志》中有如下的记载:“两黄旗位正北,取土胜水。两白旗位正东,取金胜木。两红旗位正西,取火胜金。两蓝旗位正南,取水胜火,水色本黑,而旗以指麾六师,或夜行黑色难辩,故以蓝代之。”根据阴阳五行学说:东方属木,颜色为青,木能克土;南方属火,颜色为赤,火能生土克金;西方属金,颜色为白,金能生水克木;北方属水,颜色为黑,水能生木克火;中央属土,颜色为黄,土能生金克水。从五行所属的颜色和五行相克的角度讲,八旗所处的方位恰恰与五行相克的方位是一致的:两黄旗属土,土能克水,所以在北方;两红旗属火,火能克金,所以两红旗位于西方;两白旗属金,金能克木,所以两白旗位于东方;两蓝旗属水,水能克火,所以两蓝旗位于南方。 清定都北京以后,绝大部分八旗兵丁屯驻在北京附近,戍卫京师的八旗则按其方位驻守,称驻京八旗,俗称京旗,实即禁军。另抽出一部分旗兵派驻全国各重要城市和军事要地,称驻防八旗。 主要形成以下几条驻防线:运河驻防线(京师、德州、京口、杭州)、黄河驻防线(德州、开封、西安)、长江驻防线(江宁、京口、荆州、成都)、东南沿海驻防线(杭州、福州、广州)、此外还有京畿驻防线、关外驻防线、塞外蒙古编旗驻防及甘肃新疆驻防线等等——清廷根据旗民分治的原则,在驻防地为旗人筑城别居,或者在城内划出一角令旗人居住,通常称之为“满城”。 关于吴三桂:清顺治十四年(1657),会同清军多尼等进攻南明云贵等地区。十六年,清廷命他镇守云南,引兵入缅,迫缅王交出南明永历帝。康熙元年(1662),吴三桂杀南明永历帝于昆明。同年,清廷晋封吴三桂为平西亲王,兼辖贵州省,永镇云贵。
清军入关并建立全国政权后,建立了八旗常备兵制度,将整个八旗组织原封不动地移入新的社会体系之中,成为完全由国家供养的职业军队和职业预备役军人集团。八旗官兵携家带口,按建制集中居住在军营之中,驻于京畿地区的部队称"京营八旗",驻于全国各战略要冲之地的部队称"驻防八旗"。军营内生活设施齐备,旗兵及家属不得私自外出。官兵严格从旗人内部选拔,"生则入档,壮则当兵"。都统、参领、佐领等各级军事长官同时又是行政长官,平时督促士兵从事生产、养活家口、操练武艺,战时率部出征。为了维护自己的政权支柱,酬谢八旗军功贵族,清廷开国之初即给予八旗将士相当优厚的待遇,期以免除官兵后顾之忧,专心练武,保持原有的军事素质。同时也严格规定,八旗官兵不得做工经商或从事其它谋生之业。然而,事与愿违。从顺治、康熙年间起,八旗官兵便已出现追求享受、战斗意志衰退的倾向。在前线指挥战斗的亲王、郡王和贝勒们"逗留观望。不思振旅遄进,竟尔营私适己,希图安便,或逶兵甲之不全,或托舟楫之不具,借端引日,坐失事机"。在平定三藩之乱的战争中,八旗军以往的主力地位已被绿营兵所取代。雍正、乾隆年间的一些重要战争,如柴达木之战、平定大小和卓之战、大小金川之战中,尽管参战的八旗官兵数量有限,其中一些号称精锐的八旗部队的表现却不如绿营兵,昔日敢打敢冲的作风已不复存在。
嘉庆至清末,八旗军逐渐演变成专靠国家供养的社会救济组织,失去了起码的战斗能力。1799年清军在镇压白莲教大起义时,曾一度把京营八旗中最精锐的健锐营和火器营派往前线,结果因军纪败坏,不听约束,未及投入战斗就被迫撤军回京。清朝末年,有人建议从八旗军中挑选壮丁加以操练,使之恢复入关时骁勇善战的面貌。而深知其弊的慈禧太后、光绪皇帝此时早已不抱任何幻想,回答说:选练八旗丁壮是多年前的老办法了,你们却不知今天的八旗兵早已无可练习。 吴三桂的兵都是自已带的最后封平西王在云南
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