塑料制品的生产方法

2025-01-24 03:08:24
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

塑料制品生产一般包括塑料的配料、成型、机械加工、接合、修饰和装配等。后四个工序是在塑料已成型为制品或半制品后进行的,又称为塑料二次加工。
塑料制品生产之成型 塑料加工的关键环节。将各种形态的塑料(粉、粒料、溶液或分散体)制成所需形状的制品或坯件。成型的方法多达三十几种。它的选择主要决定于塑料的类型(热塑性还是热固性)、起始形态以及制品的外形和尺寸。塑料加工热塑性塑料常用的方法有挤出、注射成型、压延、吹塑和热成型等,塑料加工热固性塑料一般采用模压、传递模塑,也用注射成型。层压、模压和热成型是使塑料在平面上成型。上述塑料加工的方法,均可用于橡胶加工。此外,还有以液态单体或聚合物为原料的浇铸等。在这些方法中,以挤出和注射成型用得最多,也是最基本的成型方法。
塑料制品生产之机械加工 借用金属和木材等的塑料加工方法,制造尺寸很精确或数量不多的塑料制品,也可作为成型的辅助工序,如挤出型材的锯切。由于塑料的性能与金属和木材不同,塑料的热导性差,热膨胀系数、弹性模量低,当夹具或刀具加压太大时,易于引起变形,切削时受热易熔化,且易粘附在刀具上。因此,塑料进行机械加工时,所用的刀具及相应的切削速度等都要适应塑料特点。常用的机械加工方法有锯、剪、冲、车、刨、钻、磨、抛光、螺纹加工等。此外,塑料也可用激光截断、打孔和焊接。
塑料制品生产之接合 塑料加工把塑料件接合起来的方法有焊接和粘接。焊接法是使用焊条的热风焊接,使用热极的热熔焊接,以及高频焊接、摩擦焊接、感应焊接、超声焊接等。粘接法可按所用的胶粘剂,分为熔剂、树脂溶液和热熔胶粘接。
塑料制品生产之表面修饰 目的是美化塑料制品表面,通常包括:机械修饰,即用锉、磨、抛光等工艺,去除制件上毛边、毛刺,以及修正尺寸等;涂饰,包括用涂料涂敷制件表面,用溶剂使表面增亮,用带花纹薄膜贴覆制品表面等;施彩,包括彩绘、印刷和烫印;镀金属,包括真空镀膜、电镀以及化学法镀银等。塑料加工烫印是在加热、加压下,将烫印膜上的彩色铝箔层(或其他花纹膜层)转移到制件上。许多家用电器及建筑制品、日用品等,都用此法获得金属光泽或木纹等图案。
塑料制品生产之装配 用粘合、焊接以及机械连接等方法,使制成的塑料件组装成完整制品的作业。例如:塑料型材,经过锯切、焊接、钻孔等步骤组装成塑料窗框和塑料门。

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