推荐回答(3个)
橘子,学名:Citrus,也称桔子,是芸香科柑橘属的一种水果,含有丰富的糖类,还含有维生素、苹果酸、柠檬酸、蛋白质、脂肪、食物纤维以及多种矿物质等,有益健康。
栽植方法折叠编辑本段
柑橘果树是菌根植物,一般无须根,菌根和柑橘树共生,从树体吸收养分,又帮助树体吸收水分、营养和分泌出激素、酶,促进柑橘树体的生命活动。
柑橘芽为裸芽,无鳞片,只有苞片。因枝梢生长有“自剪”的习性,故无顶芽,只有侧芽。柑橘芽是复芽,着生在叶腋中的芽叫腋芽,一个叶腋内可着生2~4个芽。柑橘一年能发多次芽,芽分叶芽和花芽。
柑橘的花是混合花,萌发后具有枝、叶和花等器官,花有单花和花序两种:红桔、温州蜜柑等为单花,甜橙、柠檬、葡萄柚等除单花外还有花序,柚以花序为主。柑橘通常需授粉受精后才结果,但温州蜜柑、脐橙等不受精也能结果,此为单性结果,也称单性结实。
从谢花后子房膨大起到果实充分长大止,称果实生长发育期。这一时期有两次生理落果:带果梗脱落的称第一次生理落果;从蜜盘处脱落的称第二次生理落果。第二次生理落果停止到采前的落果均称采前落果。
柑橘果树生长发育、开花结果与温度、日照、水分(湿度)、土壤以及风、海拔、地形和坡向等环境条件紧密相关,这些条件影响最大的数温度。即使差异0.5℃的气温有时会出现截然不同的结果。柑橘生长发育要求12.5~37℃的温度。秋季花芽分化要求昼夜温度分别为20℃左右和10℃左右,根系生长的土温与地上部大致相同。过低的温度会使柑橘受冻,甜橙-4℃,温州蜜柑-5℃时会使枝叶受冻,甜橙-5℃以下,温州蜜柑-6℃以下会冻伤大枝和枝干,甜橙-6.5℃以下,温州蜜柑-9℃以下会使植株冻死。
高温也不利于柑橘的生长发育,气温、土温高于37℃时,果实和根系停止生长。温度对果实的品质影响也明显:在一定温度范围内,通常随温度增高糖含量、可溶性固形物增加,酸含量下降,品质变好。柑橘是耐阴性较强的树种,但要优质丰产仍需好的日照。一般年日照时数1200~2200小时的地区均能正常生长。如日照好、热量丰富的华南与日照少的重庆柑橘产区相比:果实糖含量高、酸含量低,糖酸比高。一般年降雨量1000毫米左右的热带、亚热带区域都适宜柑橘种植,但由于年雨量分布不均而常常需要灌溉。土壤的相对含水量以60%~80%为适宜,低于60%则需灌水,雨水过多,造成土壤积水或地下水位高,排水不良的柑橘果园,会使根系死亡。柑橘果树要求空气相对湿度以75%左右为宜。
柑橘对土壤的适应范围较广,紫色土、红黄壤、沙滩和海涂,pH值4.5~8均可生长,以pH值5.5~6.5为最适宜。柑橘根系生长要求较高的含氧量,以土壤质地疏松,结构良好,有机质含量2%~3%,排水良好的土壤最适宜。
繁殖柑橘苗木的方法有实生、压条、扦插和嫁接等多种,目前,仍以嫁接法最优、普遍,柑橘的嫁接苗由接穗和砧木组合而成,常用的砧木有枳、酸桔、红桔、枸头橙、朱栾、香橙、本地早和酸柚等。①枳,用作甜橙和温州蜜柑的主要砧木。抗寒、抗旱、抗瘠、抗脚腐病、流胶病、线虫,矮化树冠,可早结果,丰产稳产,提高品质。枳砧不抗裂皮病,不耐湿,不抗盐碱。②红橘,用作桔类和甜橙的砧木,根系发达,嫁接后树性较直立,结果较枳砧晚2~3年,但进入盛果期产量高,抗裂皮病。③酸橘,具耐涝、抗风特性,根系发达,抗脚腐病,是广东、广西等南亚热带地区蕉柑、椪柑的优良砧木。
柑橘病害有真菌病害的脚腐病、流胶病、树脂病、疮痂病、炭疽病、黑星病、黄斑病、白粉病、煤烟病、立枯病等;细菌性病害的溃疡病;线虫病害的根线虫病和根结线虫病;生理性病害的油斑病、裂果病、日灼病;病毒、类病毒和病因不明的病害黄龙病、裂皮病、衰退病、温州蜜柑萎缩病、青枯病和柑橘黄化病等。危害柑橘的害虫有昆虫、螨类和其他有害动物等,已知的有350多种,主要有螨类、蚧类、粉虱、蚜虫、天牛、吉丁虫、潜叶蛾、卷叶蛾、吸果夜蛾、实蝇和瘿蚊等。
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