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海上丝绸之路 是古代中国与世界其他地区进行经济文化交流的海上通道。泉州是联合国科教文组织所唯一认定的海上丝绸之路起点。 海上丝绸之路是由当时东西洋间一系列港口网点组成的国际贸易网,在唐宋元的繁盛期,中国境内主要有泉州、广州、宁波三个主港和其他众多支线港补给港组成。形成主因是中国南方沿海山多平原少且内部往来不易,因此自古许多人便积极向海上发展,东南沿海可以借助夏冬季风助航,更增加了海路的方便性,因此古代中国沿海很多地方都有此项交流,最早可追溯至汉代。唐中后期,陆上丝绸之路因战乱受阻加之同时期中国经济重心已转到南方,而海路又远比陆路运量大成本低安全度高,海路便取代陆路成为中外贸易主通道。特别是宋朝商业科技高度发展,指南针和水密封舱等航海技术的发明和之前牵星术、地文潮流等航海知识的积累,加上阿拉伯世界对海洋贸易热忱,使海上丝绸之路达到空前繁盛。明朝海禁,海上丝绸之路衰落。郑和下西洋实质是朝贡性质的航海行为,难以为继无法持久。海禁导致民间海外贸易被迫转型为走 私性质的贸易。民间海外贸易的需求张力和朝廷政策矛盾引发的冲突始终贯穿明清两朝[1] 。明清仅有几次有限度的开禁都是被迫的权宜之策。无政治武装支持的中国海商无力挑战大航海后政治军事商业合一的西方扩张势力。海禁导致中国退出海洋竞争,是近代中国积弱落后的关键。从贸易对象、内涵、性质上,明清时期中西方的贸易和以往的海上丝绸之路已属不同范畴。
从公元前2世纪以后,在我国西汉时期,据《汉书·地理志》记载,丝绸之路已有南北两道。南道,从我国玉门和阳关(今敦煌西),经鄯善(今新疆若羌一带)沿南山(今阿尔金山、昆仑山)以北循着河流西行,在莎车(今新疆莎车县)以西越葱岭,至大月氏、安息。在大月氏有多条岔道:向北越妫水(阿姆河),与康居、奄蔡(约在今咸海至里海间)道通;向南和印度相通;向西南与罽宾(今克什米尔一带)、乌弋山离(赫拉特)至条支(喀拉塞涅)之路通;向西则至木鹿、赫卡铜皮洛斯、爱克巴坦那、泰西封直抵叙利亚的安条克,渡海到达希腊、罗马,或南下经大马士革、推罗进入埃及的亚历山大里亚。北道,自车师前王庭(今新疆吐鲁蕃西)沿北山(今天山)以南,循塔里木河西行,至疏勒(今新疆喀什市),西逾葱岭,出大宛、康居、奄蔡,经里海、黑海以北草原与欧洲相通。张骞第一次出使,从匈奴脱身,经大宛、康居、大月氏而至大夏,所走的就是北道,返回时,“并(傍)南山”,所走的是南道。此南北两道都在天山以南。
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