推荐回答(1个)
液压马达的工作原理
1.叶片式液压马达
由于压力油作用,受力不平衡使转子产生转矩。叶片式液压马达的输出转矩与液压马达的排量和液压马达进出油口之间的压力差有关,其转速由输入液压马达的流量大小来决定。由于液压马达一般都要求能正反转,所以叶片式液压马达的叶片要径向放置。为了使叶片根部始终通有压力油,在回、压油腔通人叶片根部的通路上应设置单向阀,为了确保叶片式液压马达在压力油通人后能正常启动,必须使叶片顶部和定子内表面紧密接触,以保证良好的密封,因此在叶片根部应设置预紧弹簧。 叶片式液压马达体积小,转动惯量小,动作灵敏,可适用于换向频率较高的场合,但泄漏量较大,低速工作时不稳定。因此叶片式液压马达一般用于转速高、转矩小和动作要求灵敏的场合。
2.径向柱塞式液压马达
径向柱塞式液压马达工作原理,当压力油经固定的配油轴4的窗口进入缸体内柱塞的底部时,柱塞向外伸出,紧紧顶住定子的内壁,由于定子与缸体存在一偏心距。在柱塞与定子接触处,定子对柱塞的反作用力为 。力可分解为 和 两个分力。当作用在柱塞底部的油液压力为p,柱塞直径为d,力和之间的夹角为 X时,力对缸体产生一转矩,使缸体旋转。缸体再通过端面连接的传动轴向外输出转矩和转速。
以上分析的一个柱塞产生转矩的情况,由于在压油区作用有好几个柱塞,在这些柱塞上所产生的转矩都使缸体旋转,并输出转矩。径向柱塞液压马达多用于低速大转矩的情况下。
3.轴向柱塞马达
轴向柱塞泵除阀式配流外,其它形式原则上都可以作为液压马达用,即轴向柱塞泵和轴向柱塞马达是可逆的。轴向柱塞马达的工作原理为,配油盘和斜盘固定不动,马达轴与缸体相连接一起旋转。当压力油经配油盘的窗口进入缸体的柱塞孔时,柱塞在压力油作用下外伸,紧贴斜盘斜盘对柱塞产生一个法向反力p,此力可分解为轴向分力及和垂直分力Q。Q与柱塞上液压力相平衡,而Q则使柱塞对缸体中心产生一个转矩,带动马达轴逆时针方向旋转。轴向柱塞马达产生的瞬时总转矩是脉动的。若改变马达压力油输入方向,则马达轴按顺时针方向旋转。斜盘倾角a的改变、即排量的变化,不仅影响马达的转矩,而且影响它的转速和转向。斜盘倾角越大,产生转矩越大,转速越低。
4.齿轮液压马达
齿轮马达在结构上为了适应正反转要求,进出油口相等、具有对称性、有单独外泄油口将轴承部分的泄漏油引出壳体外;为了减少启动摩擦力矩,采用滚动轴承;为了减少转矩脉动齿轮液压马达的齿数比泵的齿数要多。
齿轮液压马达由干密封性差,容租效率较低,输入油压力不能过高,不能产生较大转矩。并且瞬间转速和转矩随着啮合点的位置变化而变化,因此齿轮液压马达仅适合于高速小转矩的场合。一般用干工程机械、农业机械以及对转矩均匀性要求不高的机械设备上。
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