推荐回答(3个)
销售促进是营销活动的一个关键要素(科特勒,1999)。长期以来,由于翻译原因,销售促进有很多叫法。在国内早期市场营销及相关著述中,它被翻译成“营业推广、促进销售、营业提升、促销推广、促销”等等。而国内学术界和管理界最常用的就是“促销”。其实,即便在国外学术性论文中,也有类似的习惯用法。但是,在市场营销理论中,促销与销售促进是有区别的。促销概念有广义和狭义之分。狭义的促销仅指销售促进,而广义的促销则包括销售促进、广告(advertising)、人员推销(personal selling)和公共关系(public relations)四大促销组合(promotion mix)工具(科特勒,1999)。
迄今为止 ,销售促进还没有一个具有充分说服力且“一统江湖”的定义,这不能不说是一个遗憾。据我们对现有营销理论和促销组合的研究和分析,有关销售促进定义的分歧既反映了不同学者对销售促进功能、作用、内涵和形式的看法差异,同时也反映了现有市场营销理论对销售促进基本类型的研究不足。
Haugh(1983)在对销售促进再定义时认为:“销售促进是一种直接的诱惑,它向购买产品的销售人员、分销商或者最终的使用者提供一种额外的价值或者激励,其首要的目标是创造即刻的销售”。科特勒(1999)认为:“销售促进包括各种多数属于短期性的刺激工具,用以刺激消费者和贸易商迅速和域较大量地购买某一种特定的产品或服务”。Kotler等(2003)在其新版的《市场营销原理》中认研究中的非系统性及其与现实需求脱节等问题,显得既迫切又非常有必要。事实上,这也是我们选择“销售促进”作为研究内容的重要原因之一。因为,从某种程度上,我们希望能在探究影响“销售促进强度和效用”具体因素的过程中,逐步完善销售促进研究体制,并向企业提供更规范、更具操作性的分析框架。但是,正如一些研究者对市场营销理论的批评那样,如何跳出“没有理论根基的P因素堆砌成的躯壳”(刘威,2003)来系统研究销售促进,个中担心正如欧阳修所云,而况思其力所不及,忧其智所不能”。此外,由于精力和条件所限,尽管许多工业企业和非盈利性组织也运用销售促进来实现其目的,但是在本课题中,我们只关注与大众消费相关的企业销售促进行为及其强度与效用。
销售促进是营销活动的一个关键因素。如果广告提供了购买的理由,而销售促进则提供了购买的刺激。销售促进的工具有:消费者促销(样品、优惠券、现金返回、价格减价、赠品、奖金、光顾奖励、免费试用、产品保证、产品陈列和示范)。交易促销(trade promotion)(购买折让、广告和展示折让、免费产品)。以及业务和销售员促销。
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