图谶的起源

2025-02-27 09:35:53
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

汉武帝以后独尊儒术,崇尚经学。谶语附会儒学,与经义挂钩,正是迎合时尚。因之方士们就把揣摩时势的谶语同经学结合起来,这就是汉代谶纬真正的起源。 先秦时代,《尚书》、《论语》、《易传》、《墨子》和《管子》等经典文献中都留下了有关河图洛书的记载。
《尚书·顾命》中提及“河图”时说:“大玉、夷玉、天球、河图在东序”。篇中河图是一种金石之类的国宝,作为祥瑞之兆由帝王所受,并无后世所谓“龙图出河”之义;《尚书》中与洛书有关的记载是《洪范》篇,然而据考证,《洪范》篇的产生是在周武王伐纣胜利之后,箕子向武王详细阐述洪范九畴,即治国的九种大法,亦与“神龟出洛”之说不同,与后人所理解的“河图”与“洛书”有很大的出入。 《论语·子罕》篇中所云:“子曰:‘凤鸟不至,河不出图,吾已矣夫!’”从字面来看,“凤鸟”是一种神鸟,可谓吉祥之物;而依《尚书》说“河图”是一种金玉之器,亦吉祥之兆。这段话当是孔子立志行道而道不行,自感怀才不遇、生不逢时。《易传·系辞上传》曰:“天生神物,圣人则之;天地变化,圣人效之;天垂象,见吉凶,圣人象之;河出图,洛出书,圣人则之。”大意是说,天生蓍龟等神物,圣人用它来创立卜筮的法则;天地出现日月四时之变化,圣人依据它而确立了阴阳观;河出龙图、洛出龟书之祥瑞神物,圣人取法它来创制“易”道原理。《墨子》有曰:“河出绿图,地出乘黄,武王践功。”“绿”通“籙”,故“绿图”与符一样,亦为帝王受命之物。“乘黄”据考是一种神马之名。因其意是说,周文王灭殷兴周是天命所归,故有“河出绿图,地出乘黄”之瑞兆,武王应天之命,终于伐纣成功。此外在《管子·小匡》篇中,还提出“河出图,雒出书,地出乘黄”等三祥之物。
先秦时代的河图洛书的记载还看不到后世的龙马、神龟、伏羲以及种种具体细节,虽然具体形式尚有争议,但其作为一种圣王接受的祥瑞之物,尚带有原始图腾的象征意义。 其实,汉高祖的兴起、张良的出世,天已经预先告诉人们了。
西汉时期,第一个演绎河图洛书神话故事的是名儒孔安国。孔安国对河图洛书的创意,是通过后人之口而流传的。他在《尚书正义》的《顾命》篇和《洪范》篇中,分别说:“伏羲王天下,龙马出河,遂则其文以画八卦,谓之河图。”“洛出书,神龟负文而出,列于背,有数至于九,禹遂因而第之,以成九类,常道所以次序。”综合孔颖达在《周易正义·系辞传》中所引孔安国的观点来看,孔安国对“河图洛书”的认识有两点:一是伏羲依河图以画八卦,大禹依洛书以定九畴;二是河图即是八卦,洛书即是九畴。这不仅把原本模糊的祥瑞之兆衍生出“龙马负图,神龟贡书”的具体情节,而且把其中的圣人具体地与伏羲、大禹等先贤联系起来,并演绎出其与八卦、洪范九畴的神秘联系,内容丰富、深刻得多。继孔安国之后,刘歆和班固对此进行了更多的阐发。如班固对河图洛书的一个创意,就是把“洛书”之文与洪范九畴捆绑在一起。这在历史上是第一次以史书的形式把《尚书·洪范》篇中的六十五字定为“洛书”本文的一种新说,并为伏羲、大禹的相关传说增添了可信度与合理性。

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