撒哈拉大沙漠的气候是怎样的?

2025-01-19 22:00:49
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

撒哈拉大沙漠,撒哈拉,阿拉伯语意即大荒漠。位于非洲北部,西自大西洋,东进尼罗河,北起阿特拉斯山脉,南至苏丹,南北纵贯1061公里、东西5150公里,面积超过九百万平方公里,是世界上最大的沙漠,位于阿特拉斯山脉和地中海以南,北纬14°线(250毫米等雨量线)以北,西临大西洋,东濒红海,横跨西撒哈拉、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯、利比亚、埃及、毛里塔尼亚、马里、尼日尔、乍得、苏丹等11国国境。

几乎占整个非洲大陆的三分之一。大多数人以为撒哈拉是一片沙丘起伏的区域,但实际上它大约只有五分之一的地方是由沙构成的。其余的地方则是裸露的砾石平原、岩石高原、山地和盐滩。

简介:属北非大地台的一部分,由前寒武纪花岗岩、片麻岩、石英岩构成,经长期剥蚀成为起伏不大的准平原化宽阔高原。中部高地东段提贝斯提高原的基底为前寒武纪变质岩,上覆几百米厚的古生代砂岩,其上又广覆以第三、第四纪火山活动时的玄武岩,平均海拔2500米以上,有一系列3000米以上山峰,最高峰库西山海拔3415米;埃及西北部盖塔拉洼地为最低处,也是全洲最低处,在海平面以下133米。西段阿哈加尔高原的基底为古老结晶岩,核心部分由玄武岩、安山岩等火山岩组成,边缘部分由古生代砂岩组成,海拔2000米以上,最高峰塔哈特山海拔2918米。两者之间狭窄而高耸的鞍形部分将撒哈拉大沙漠分为东北和西南两部分,其地质具有鲜明对比。东北部覆盖白垩纪至第三纪的水平沉积地层,以白垩纪努比亚砂岩面积最大;西南部广泛出露前寒武纪结晶岩基底,局部有早古生代厚砂岩。鞍部高地四周有密集的放射状干河谷,广大平缓地区有许多间歇河谷。古生代以后地壳升降运动使大沙漠呈现多种地貌类型。大沙漠由石漠、砾漠、沙漠组成。其中部、东部地势较高处多为石漠,由砂岩、灰岩、白垩和玄武岩组成,或岩石裸露或仅有薄层岩石碎屑,有廷盖尔特石漠、哈姆拉石漠、莎菲亚石漠、努比亚沙漠等。砾漠位于石漠和沙漠之间,分布于山前冲积扇地带,如提贝斯提砾漠、卡兰舒砾漠、盖图塞砾漠等。除少数较高山地、高原外、沙漠面积最广,有利比亚沙漠、赖卜亚奈沙漠、奥巴里沙漠、舍什沙漠、朱夫沙漠和阿尔及利亚沙漠等。有固定和半固定的大小沙丘,固定沙丘主要分布在偏南和大西洋沿岸地带。利比亚至阿尔及利亚西部为流沙区。

人口:

尼罗河流域以外约为200万,主要是阿拉伯血统的柏柏尔族、图布族和图阿雷格族。

宗教:

伊斯兰教

气候:

撒哈拉是典型的热带沙漠气候,炎热干燥,全年平均气温超过30℃,最干燥的地区年降雨量少于25毫米,有些年份全年无雨。有雨的地方,雨水也在落地之前蒸发到了大气中。温差大是撒哈拉气候的另一大特征,最热的几个月中,温度超过50℃,年平均气温25℃以上,7月平均气温35~37℃;冬天气温却会下降到0℃以下,日常的气温变化也在零下0.5℃到37.5℃之间。撒哈拉多风,炎热的、满载灰尘的大风是沙尘暴的始作俑者。大部时间刮干热的哈马丹风,年蒸发量很高,为2000毫米以上,最高可达4500~6000毫米。光照充足,气温年较差大。利比亚阿齐济耶绝对最高气温达58℃,有世界热极之称。多风沙、风暴。

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