王安石和苏轼的故事王安石和苏轼之间有什么故事

2025-01-24 14:49:17
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

文人的相争与相亲——从王安石和苏轼的恩怨说开去
曾几何时,文人相争似乎已成为知识阶层的一大顽疾,千百年来几无良药可医.其实,倘使只是几个文人意见不合,争一争,吵一吵,不流血,不死人,也与旁人无涉;倘使这争吵无关朝政,无关社会,更与百姓没有干系,争便由它争去,“干卿何事?”但实际上呢,在正常情况下,中国历来是奉行“学而优则仕”的,知识阶层毕竟是“治人”的,起码他们的意见是会对皇帝老儿有影响的.这样一来,他们一争,天下就遭殃了,想不流血、不死人、不引起社会震荡都不可能,尤其是当猥琐小人攻讦坦坦君子的时候,结局就更不妙了.
北宋也是一个文人相争、积不相能的朝代.仁宗时的范(仲淹)吕(夷简)之争、英宗时的濮议(韩琦、欧阳修对吕诲、范纯仁)之争,起起伏伏长达几十年之久,至于王安石与司马光之间的(革)新(守)旧之争,更是影响北宋后期几朝皇帝的大政方针.可与别的朝代大不一样也让人大为感叹的是,北宋一代相争的文人,后世大都认定他们为人中君子,所争皆为政见,不涉私德,不关私谊,有的相争之后交情还非同一般.王安石和苏轼的关系就是如此.
王安石和苏轼都是少年得志的人.王安石22岁考中进士,苏轼小王安石16岁,23岁那年考中进士,两人都被视为栋梁之才,而且皆以诗文名世,位列“唐宋八大家”之中.两人真正的交锋是从宋神宗熙宁二年(1069年)开始的.当时,苏氏兄弟服完父丧回到京师,苏轼被任命为直史馆、权开封府推事,而受到神宗信任,担任中书门下平章事(宰相)的王安石正大力推行变法新政,这样,两个大文豪同朝为官,争端便由此而起了.
本来,面对积贫积弱的北宋国势,厉行以富国强兵为目的的改革是人心所向的,王安石以“人言不足恤,祖宗不足法,天变不足畏”的勇气锐意改革也是令人起敬的.但关键的问题是,在错综复杂的社会情况面前,在“以保守为天性,遵无动为大之教”(梁启超语)的国人、尤其是官僚士大夫面前,改革的动作到底是激进好抑或是渐进好?王安石思想竣急,无论是起用新人,还是施行新法,都体现了大刀阔斧的超常风格.而苏轼呢,他并非不主张变革,他只是希望不要“太急”罢了,因为“法相应则事易成,事有渐则民不惊”.因此,两个人的政见也就凿枘难合了.后哲朱熹评道:“熙宁变法,亦是势当如此,凡荆公(王安石后封荆国公)所变更者,东坡亦欲为之.及见荆公做得纷扰狼狈,却去攻他.”这是十分允当中肯的.试拿“改科举”一项稍作分析,就可看出两人之间的分歧.
变法伊始,为选拔有胆有识的新人,王安石力持改革科举,举办学校,在科举考试中罢诗赋、明经诸科,专以经义、论、策试进士.对已实行四百余年的选官制度忽然作此大幅度的改变,无疑会引起士人的震动,神宗皇帝也顾虑重重.苏轼是个遇事不合便如骨鲠在喉、不吐不快的人,立马上书反对这项政令.神宗阅罢心动,当即召见了他,苏轼借机直谏道:“陛下求治太急,听言太广,进人太锐,愿陛下安静以待物之来,然后应之”.这番话神宗虽然听起来有些震惊,但还是表示愿意考虑苏轼的建议.只是由于王安石的坚持,“改科举”最终还是被强令颁行了.可结果如何呢?王安石晚年反思道,这项法令“本欲变学究为秀才,不谓变秀才为学究也.”看来他也认识到政策的偏颇了.
众所周知,熙宁年间文人之争的结局是双方落得个两败俱伤:苏轼无法容身朝中,只好请求外放,担任杭州太守,后来发生的“乌台诗案”,更使他身陷囹圄,命悬一线;而王安石则遭到新、旧两派人物的内外夹击,两起两落,最后辞官归隐,退居金陵,潜心学问,纵情山水去了.
人品的高下显现于危难之时,尤显于昔日对手的落井之时.“乌台诗案”发生时,新派人物寻章摘句,罗织罪名,恨不能立马置苏轼于死地,而苏轼在严刑逼供之下屈打成招,承认了强加在自己头上的罪状.此情此景,别说当朝的衮衮诸公,就连苏轼的亲朋故旧也噤若寒蝉,无人置喙.可就在这时候,王氏两兄弟站了出来,仗义执言了.时任直舍人院的王安石之弟王安礼对皇上说:“自古大度之君,不以语言罪人.轼本以才自奋,今一旦致于法,恐后世谓不能容才.”归老林泉的王安石也给皇帝上书说:“岂有圣世而杀才士乎?”其神情俨然一凛凛侠士!至此,政敌的恨意已全然消磨,心中升起的只是文人相惜的宽谅和仁爱!
苏轼活下来了,被降为黄州团练副使使用.五年后,当从黄州谪所征召回京师时,他特地绕道金陵看望了王安石.这时的王安石衰老多病,爱子新丧,伤愁交集.昔日贵为宰相时,清高的苏轼很少登门,加之政见不同,更难以晤谈,今朝愁苦之时,两人竟相见言欢,把酒唱和了!王安石从心底里感激苏轼的宽大.他邀请苏轼迁住金陵,以作邻居.虽然尚未看破红尘的苏轼婉拒了王安石的美意,但两位诗坛巨匠间的吟颂仍给我们留下了许多可以触摸的暖暖温情.
两年后,王安石去世.哲宗追赠王安石太傅之位,苏轼奉旨拟敕.那敕文赞道:“瑰玮之文,足以藻饰万物,卓绝万物,足以风动四方.”后人都明白,这份盖棺定论,岂止只是用来评价王安石的?!

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