推荐回答(1个)
整地是为了创造良好的土壤耕层构造和表面状态 ,协调水分、养分、空气,热量等因素,提高土壤肥力,为播种和作物生长、田间管理提供良好条件。在中国,整地的主要作业包括浅耕灭茬、翻耕、深松耕、耙地、耢地、镇压、平地、耖田、起垄、作畦等。
2整地方式和方法
整地方式分为全面整地和局部整地。局部整地又分为带状整地和块状整地。
全面整地是翻垦造林地全部土壤,主要用于平坦地区。局部整地是翻垦造林地部分土壤的整地方式。包括带状整地和块状整地。
带状整地是呈长条状翻垦造林地的土壤。在山地带状整地方法有:水平带状、水平阶、水平沟、反坡梯田、撩壕等;平坦地的整地方法有:犁沟、带状、高垄等。
块状整地是呈块状的翻垦造林地的整地方法。山地应用的块状整地方法有:穴状、块状、鱼鳞坑;平原应用的方法有:坑状、块状、高台等。
3操作步骤
浅耕灭茬
浅耕灭茬是用圆盘灭茬耙、旋耕机、灭茬犁等破碎根茬、疏松表土、清除杂草的作业。在作物收获后、翻耕前进行。能提高翻耕与播种质量。在一年多熟地区,可浅耕灭茬后直接播种下茬作物,也可不浅耕灭茬,直接翻耕。
翻耕
翻耕是用有壁犁翻转耕层和疏松土壤,并翻埋肥料和残茬、杂草等的作业。是整地作业的中心环节。
深耕
深松耕是用深松铲或凿形犁等疏松耕层,破除犁底层的作业。
耙地
耙地是翻耕后用各种耙平整土地的作业。耙深4~10厘米。用圆盘耙、钉齿耙等耙地,有破碎土块、疏松表土、保水、提高地温、平整地面、掩埋肥料和根茬、灭草等作用。稻田翻耕后耙地分干耙和水耙。干耙能碎土;水耙能起泥浆和平地、使土肥相融。
耢地
耢地是中国北方旱区在耙地后或与其结合进行的作业。多用柳条、荆条、木框等制成耢(耱)拖擦地面,能形成干土覆盖层,减少土壤表面蒸发和平地、碎土、轻度镇压等作用。
镇压
镇压是在翻耕、耙地之后用镇压器的重力作用适当压实土壤表层的作业。
平地
平地是用平土器进行平整土地表面的作业。平整地面,利于播种和田间管理。对灌溉地区更为重要。用机引或马拉平地器作业。结合耙地、耢地、镇压等进行复式作业,效果良好。
耖田
耖田是水田中用耖进行的一种表土耕作作业。目的是使耕耙后的稻田地面平整,进一步破碎土块和拌匀肥料,促使土肥相融。耖田常在播种前或插秧前进行。
起垄
起垄是在田间筑成高于地面的狭窄土垄 。能加厚耕层、提高地温、改善通气和光照状况、便于排灌。
作畦
畦是用土埂、沟或走道分隔成的作物种植小区。作畦有利于灌溉和排水。分为平畦、高畦。用作畦机、犁、锹、铲等进行作畦。
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