孔子的生平及思想英文版

孔子生平：

In the 24th year of duke xiang of lu (549 BC), when Confucius was three years old, shuliang he died.

（鲁襄公二十四年（公元前549年），孔子3岁时，叔梁纥病逝。）

In the eleventh year of the reign of duke zhao of lu (531 BC), Confucius took charge of animal husbandry.

（鲁昭公十一年（公元前531年），孔子改作乘田，管理畜牧。）

Because of the hard life when I was young, I could do some rough work.

（因小时候生活艰难，所以会干一些粗活。）

In the 27th year of duke zhao of lu (515 BC), a doctor of the state of qi wanted to harm Confucius.

（鲁昭公二十七年（公元前515年），齐国的大夫想加害孔子，孔子听说后向齐景公求救。）

Duke jing of qi said he was too old to use it.

（齐景公说自己老了，不能用了。）

Confucius had to flee to the state of lu.

（孔子只好仓皇逃回鲁国。）

In the third year of ai gong of lu (492 BC), Confucius was 60 years old.

（鲁哀公三年（公元前492年），孔子60岁，称自己这时候，能正确对待各种言论，不觉得不顺。）

On February 11 (April 11, 479 BC), Confucius fell ill and died at the age of 73.

（鲁哀公十六年二月十一日（公元前479年4月11日），孔子患病不愈而卒，终年73岁。）

孔子思想：

An important proposition of Confucius' thought of governing history is "straightness".

（孔子治史思想的一个重要主张就是“直”。）

That is to study history to seek truth from facts, not only to pay attention to the basis, but also to "know for know.

（即研究历史要实事求是，不但要重视根据，而且要“知之为知之，不知为不知”（《为政》）。）

扩展资料

孔子言论著作：孔子的言论主要记录在《论语》中。《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一，由孔子的弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成。它以语录体和对话文体为主，记录了孔子及其弟子言行，集中体现了孔子的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

《论语》与《大学》、《中庸》、《孟子》在南宋后并称“四书”。通行本《论语》共二十篇。《论语》的语言简洁精炼，含义深刻，其中有许多言论至今仍被世人视为“微言大义”。

参考资料来源：百度百科-孔子

孔子（前551～前479）

中国春秋后期思想家，教育家，儒家的创始人。名孔丘，字仲尼。鲁国人。
生平 先世为宋国贵族，因避内乱移居鲁国。父叔梁纥，母颜氏 。鲁襄公二十二年(前 551)生于鲁国陬邑( 今山东曲阜 )。鲁国是周公儿子伯禽的封地，素有礼乐之邦之称 。至春秋末，礼乐仍保持完好。鲁国根深蒂固的礼乐传统对孔子有深刻的影响。孔子幼时常以陈俎豆、设礼容为戏。早年丧父，家境中落，年轻时曾做过管粮仓、管放牧的小官。30余岁时开始授徒讲学。鲁昭公二十六年（ 前516），鲁国内乱，孔子不满季氏为首的三桓擅权 ，一度离鲁至齐 ，不久返回。开始整理诗、书、礼、乐，招收弟子日多，影响愈大。鲁定公九年（前501），出任中都宰，颇有政绩 。后升为司空和大司寇。定公十年齐鲁夹谷之会，孔子相礼，鲁国兵礼并用，收回被齐国侵占的郓、灌及龟阴之田。定公十三年，孔子为维护公室，建议毁季孙氏、叔孙氏、孟孙氏等三家都邑，季孙氏、叔孙氏的邱、费被毁后，孟孙氏以武力对抗，孔子计划失败。以后鲁国政局有变，孔子见理想难以实现，遂带领弟子离开鲁国 ，开始了周游列国的飘泊生涯 ，时孔子55岁。孔子14年中先后到过卫、陈、宋、蔡、楚等国，向各诸侯宣传自己的政治主张，但均不见用 。鲁哀公十一年（ 前484)，季康子以币迎孔子，孔子归鲁，时年68岁。鲁哀公和季康子虽常向孔子问政，但终不起用。孔子晚年致力于教育，整理《诗》、《书》等古代典籍，删修《春秋》。其学生将其思想言行记载在《论语》中。

孔子画像

哲学思想 孔子所处春秋时代是奴隶制社会向封建制社会转变的时期，孔子思想中充满新与旧的矛盾，反映了大变动时代的精神风貌。
天命鬼神观 孔子继承了传统的天命鬼神观，视天为万有的主宰和人格神，认为天命主宰着人的生死，也决定着社会的治乱。他主张“君子有三畏：畏天命、畏大人、畏圣人言”，“不知命，无以为君子也”。但同时他又否定周时盛行的占卜活动，提出“ 天何言哉 ，四时行焉 ，五谷生焉”，认为天命就蕴含在自然事物的运行之中。所以他主张“敬鬼神而远之，可谓知矣 ”。《论语》记载孔子“不语怪 、力、乱、神”，并且说“未知生，焉知死”，“未能事人，焉能事鬼”，回避了关于人死后是否变鬼的问题。

《孔子杏坛讲学图》

仁与礼的学说 礼原为中国奴隶社会的典章制度，春秋时“礼崩乐坏” ，礼已名存实亡 。孔子注重社会伦理问题，把礼看成是维护等级制度的重要手段，是区别华、夷的标志。他谴责破坏周礼的行为，对鲁国季氏窃用天子之礼，“八佾舞于庭”极为愤慨，说“是可忍，孰不可忍也”。孔子主张“正名”，试图用周礼的形式去匡正已经产生变化的社会现实，要求人们“克己复礼”。但是，在不违背周礼的基本原则的前提下，孔子同意结合时代的变化对周礼的具体内容有所损益。仁这一概念在春秋时已广泛使用，孔子赋予了它以新的涵义，使其成为中国哲学史上最重要的范畴之一。《论语》记载：“樊迟问仁 ，子曰 ：爱人。”孔子又对子贡说：“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。”他认为仁就是推己达人的忠恕之道。孔子仁的思想主要内容包括成为“圣人”和“仁人”的道德理想，认为“仁”具有最高的道德价值，“志士仁人，无求生以害仁，有杀生以成仁”。他重视道德修养，强调自身的努力，即“为仁由己”，“仁远乎哉？我欲仁，斯仁至矣”。要求人们“志于道，据于德，依于仁，游于艺”。他提出了一系列修养方法，如反求诸己；一日三省等 。孔子的仁还包含着爱惜劳动者的思想 ，如仲弓问仁，孔子曰：“出门如见大宾，使民如承大祭。”子张问仁，孔子曰：“能行五者于天下 ，为仁矣。”此“五者”即“ 恭、宽、信、敏、惠”。孔子的“宽”、“惠”表现在统治方法上就是要行“ 德政 ”。所谓德政包括两个相互联系的方面，即在经济上实行惠民政策，政治上宽刑罚而重教化。经济上惠民就是要使民“足食” ，《论语》记载孔子“所重 ：民、食、丧、祭”，主张“因民所利而利之”。政治上宽民就是要反对“不教而杀”的苛政，孔子主张对人民要“道之以德，齐之以理”，反对“道之以政，齐之以刑”，认为只有这样才能培养人民的道德观念，促使人民自觉遵守社会规范。为了行德政，孔子还提出了“举贤才”的政治主张 。《论语》记载仲弓问政，子曰：“先有司，赦小过，举贤才。”他认为还必须考虑到民意，“举直错诸枉，则民服；举枉错诸直，则民不服”。
中庸之道 中庸之道是孔子立身行事的最高标准，他说：“中庸之为德也，其至矣乎，民鲜久矣。”他主张处理事务时，既不能过，又不能不及，认为“过犹不及”。孔子主张恪守“中道”，如《 论语 》记载，孔子提出“质胜文则野，文胜质则史”，“ 文质彬彬，然后君子 ” ；主张“ 德刑并用 ”，“ 宽猛相济 ”；对学生，性格过于进取的加以遏制，对于谦退的加以鼓励。孔子反对过激的言行，但同时也反对不讲原则，“同乎流俗，合乎污世，居之似忠信，行之似廉洁，众皆悦之，自以为是”的“乡愿”行为，称“乡愿，德之贼也”。
知识论 孔子就知识的来源和对知识的态度把人分为四等：“生而知之者，上也；学而知之者，次也；困而学之者，又其次也；困而不学，民斯为下矣。”他虽承认有“生而知之”的圣人，但他所强调的是后天学习，着眼于“学而知之”和“困而学之”的中等人。孔子一生学而不厌，主张“三人行，必有我师焉”，“多闻阙疑”、“多见阙殆”。他还讨论了学与思的关系，认为“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆”，提倡勤于学习，善于思考，举一反三，闻一知十，触类旁通。孔子主张学以致用，他说：“诵诗三百 ，授之以政 ，不达，使于四方，不能专对，虽多，亦奚以为？”他反对知而不行或“言而过其行”的人。

《孔子周游列国图》

逻辑思想 孔子是中国古代逻辑思想的启蒙者，他提出了“正名”主张，虽然主要是为了实现政治和伦理方面的名分等级制度，但包含了逻辑证明的初步意识。孔子认为言有赖于名，名不正则言不顺。从正名的需要出发，孔子还强调推理在认识中的作用，提出同类可以相推的原则。
美学思想 孔子是中国古代美学的奠基人，孔子的美学思想也建立在他的仁学基础上，他认为要使“仁”的原则得到实现，就要唤起人们自觉行仁的要求。他力图发挥文艺的特殊社会作用，陶冶人们的伦理道德感情，把文艺作为唤起人们自觉行仁 ，建立和谐的社会关系的重 要 手段 ，他提出“兴于《诗》、立于礼、成于乐”的思想，力求使人们对行仁不但“知之”、“好之”而且“乐之”。在美与善的关系上，他主张“尽善”、“尽美”，认为最高的道德境界和审美 境界是同一的 。孔子还要求“ 美 ”和文艺必须绝对服从“礼”，为维护礼服务。
教育思想
孔子是中国历史上首创私人讲学的教育家。传说他有弟子三千，贤人七十。他主张“有教无类”，学生中不少人出身低贱，许多过去无权受教育的平民子弟得以受教育。孔子把培养为统治阶级服务的知识分子作为教育的目的，认为“学而优则仕”，“学也，禄在其中矣”，故而以“文行忠信”作为教育的主要内容，排斥生产知识和劳动技能的教育。他注重道德培养，主张治学要先立人，提出了一整套以道德培养为核心的教育思想 ，提倡“ 学而时习之”，“温故而知新”。他注重言传身教，提倡“知之为知之，不知为不知”的老实态度，要求自己“学而不厌，诲人不倦”。在教学中他讲究教育方法，注重启发 、诱导 ，“不愤不启，不悱不发”，注意有的放矢，因材施教。他是中国历史上影响最深远的第一位教育家。

孔子墓（山东曲阜孔林）

历史地位 孔子的学说博大精深，虽具有一些传统的保守的思想因素，但其主流在当时是有利于社会进步的。所以在战国时代得到了进一步的发展，成为先秦显学之一。但由于历史的原因，汉以前并未受到统治者的特别重视。汉代以后，建立起中央集权的封建统治，孔子的思想适合统治阶级的需要，所以受到重视。汉武帝采纳董仲舒的对策，“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，正式确立了孔子及其学说在中国思想界的统治。以后，历代统治者进一步采取了神化孔子，提倡儒学的措施，巩固了孔子的至尊地位。孔子的思想对中国封建社会的哲学、文学、艺术、教育、史学等产生了巨大的影响，作为中国传统文化的杰出代表，这种影响波及到东亚乃至全世界 。但在漫长的封建社会中 ，统治阶级出于自身的需要，片面发展了孔子思想中的保守方面，束缚了人们的思想。五四运动以后 ，孔子 思想 的保守性受到了进步思想家的批判。中国的一些学者，包括马克思主义的哲学、史学工作者，对孔子及其思想作了系统的研究和评价，取得了很大成就。孔子思想学说主要汇集在孔子弟子撰写的《论语》中，《左传》和《史记·孔子世家》亦有有关孔子言行的记载。

很全了，自己翻译吧！！！

孔子的生平
One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). He sometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong Ni. He was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu.
This chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the government. Philosophy is a kind of a system of ideas and thoughts that talk about the human's behavior, the rules that you should follow to make a successful life, and about the government.
In other words, it's about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable). Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom successfully.
Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters.
He worked as a keeper of a market. Then he was a farm worker who took care of parks and farm animals. When he was 20, he worked for the governor of his district.
主要思想见下面参考资料

孔子的生平
One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). He sometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong Ni. He was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu.
This chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the government. Philosophy is a kind of a system of ideas and thoughts that talk about the human's behavior, the rules that you should follow to make a successful life, and about the government.
In other words, it's about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable). Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom successfully.
Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters.
He worked as a keeper of a market. Then he was a farm worker who took care of parks and farm animals. When he was 20, he worked for the governor of his district.

In other words, it's about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable). Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom successfully.
Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two