虚拟语气的结构

语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood)，但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：

1.非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人的主观愿望。

2.强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告等意思，表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。

虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而起一般有明显的标志。

难点释疑

一、If型

If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：

从句
主句

与过去事实相反
had done
would/could/might have done

与现在事实相反
did/were
would/could/might do

与将来事实相反
were to do/should do/did
would/could/might do

特别值得注意的是，这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟，即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如：从句动作发生在过去，主句动作发生在现在)，谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如：

If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位，他很可能现在就得到了。

If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话，他现在已经到那里了。

二、Wish型

1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：

与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done

与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did

与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do

例如：

I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。

I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。

同样地，在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。

2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气

与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done

与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did

例如：

If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了！

3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气

与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done

与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did

例如：

He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。

He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。

三、强制性虚拟语气

1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括：advise，ask，command，decide，decree，demand，desire，determine， direct，insist，maintain，move(动议，规定)，order，prefer，propose，recommend，require，stipulate，suggest等等。例如：

It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。

2.以上动词转化为名词，如suggestion，proposal，demand，order，command，advice，desire，requirement，request，agreement，determination，preference，resolution，indication，后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用should + 动词原形，should可以省略。例如：

We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。

3.值得注意的是，只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时，从句用虚拟语气，当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时，从句不用虚拟语气。例如：

When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时，父亲用表情表示了默许。

The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)

The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)

4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括：important，natural，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obligatory，preferable，proper，urgent，vital，shocked，requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable，incredible等等。例如：

It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识，更要有实践经验，这一点很重要。

It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间，真是太奇怪了。

四、其他类型的虚拟语气

1.由would rather/sooner，would sooner，had rather，would just as soon，would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：

与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done

与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did

2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气，谓语动词始终用did。

3.在lest that，for fear that，in case that，引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，结构用should + 动词原形。例如：

I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛，以防断电。

4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without，but for，otherwise，or，but that，given，provided，supposing，were it not for等等。例如：

Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话，我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。

Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成工作。

5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气，例如：

Long live the queen! 女王万岁！

God bless you! 上帝保佑你！

初中英语语法虚拟语气的结构和用法

动词的语气——虚拟语气
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
从 句 主 句
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌
生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
练习、虚拟语气
1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.
A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent
C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent
2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now.
A. had started, would be B. started, might be
C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been
3. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.
A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4. Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn' t be B. had been ill; wouldn't have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn't been ill; could be
5. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it
C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be
7. Without your help, we________ so much.
A. won ' t achieve B. didn ' t achieve
C. don't achieve D. wouldn't have achieved
8. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you lo take; shouldn t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made
9. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
10. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up.
A. could B. should C. would D. were able to
12. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.
A. could B. must C. should D. might
13. He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.
A. is given B. must give C. should give D. be given
14. Do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion that he ________ Mr. Li to the party?
A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite
15. I insisted that he ________ at once.
A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go
16. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.
A. hadn ' t stolen B. shouldn ' t steal C. doesn ' t steal D. steal
17. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
18. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won't know
19. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.
A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard
20. They got up early in order that they ________ they first train.
A. caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catch
21. I am sorry that he ________ in such poor health.
A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be
22. That is a good book. You ________ it yesterday.
A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought
23. It is high time we ________ home.
A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went
24. I ' d rather that you ________ home.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
25. If only I _________ to the lecture!
A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened
26. ---- If he_____ , he ______ that food. ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
27.I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
28. Without electricity, human life ________ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
29. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
30. If city noises _______ from increasing, people _______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to
31. Mike's father, as well as his mother, insisted that he ________ home.
A. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay
32. Mr. Smith insisted that he ________ the work all.
A. had done B. have done C. did D. so
33. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.
A. has she known B. had she known C'. if she know D. if she has known
34. If you had enough money, what ________ ?
A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought
35. If you ________ that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
A. didn't see B. haven't seen C. wouldn’t have seen D. hadn’t seen
36. Our monitor requested that ________.
A. all the class studied more carefully the problem
B. the problem was more carefully studied
C. with great care the problem could be studied
D. all the class study the problem more carefully
37. ---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?
---- Yes, but I ________. busy doing my homework..
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
38. His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk.
A. had been B. was C. be D. should be
39. It is important that we ________.
A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave
C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave
40. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.
A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone

有好多情况的。你具体要知道那种？