推荐回答(1个)
从青海、截北、藏西早期狩猎岩画中都有鹰与犬的情形看,这些鹰很可能是N藏高原本土动物形态的一种反映.雄鹰翱翔于蓝天白云之间.这情景的确是生活在青藏高原上的人们最常见到的。高原岩画里出现人们所熟悉的情景.自然是很正常的。早期(青海野牛沟岩画与藏北加林山岩画)岩画中的鹰.往往与狩猎场面有很密切的联系.这是否表现一r什么特殊的意义还很难确定,但鹰、犬与猎手的特定组合.让画面看上去既充满情趣.又很自然。
藏北纳木措湖东岸的扎西岛洞穴,如果说早期高原岩画中的鹰可能更多地表现了它们的自然属性,那么中期以后鹰或鸟类的不同寻常的表现,特别是鹰图像常以单独的形象出现。
则逐渐显示出它们的超白然属性。近年藏西地区新发现的岩画点里,鸟(鹰》类的图像颇有些不同寻常之处。改则 县先遣乡日杰岩画点发现一种造型相当独特的鹰图像(见图 121),温森特•贝莱萨将这一图像收录在他2001〕年的藏北高原,考察报告的图片部分里•在对它的解释里却写道:不明物象 (Unidentified Composition)o笔者认为这个所谓的“不明物象“应该是鹰的图像,可以作为它的参照物的是同一岩画点的另一幅鹰的造型(见图122).它们在造型的葵本理念上是一致的。特别值得注惫的是与后面这只鹰相伴的其他图像为西藏岩10中吸要的符号—树木图像。该画面的正中是飞鹰的形象.鹰的下面还有另外一只鸟。它是一个侧面像.长长的尾毛,鸟头正好与鹰左侧F摆的线条相衔接.两只鸟的左面不远处还有一个树木图像。
事实上.斌子鹰或鸟图像以特殊含义的往往正是这些与之相伴的图像或符号.例如树木、雍仲符号、日月符号或塔图像。藏北纳木措湖东岸大扎西岛的一幅涂绘岩画显然说明了鸟图像本身所具有的宗教意味(见图123),这是一只侧面的鸟.它的头部顶若一个很大的雍仲符号。
近年来更多岩画点的发现证实.树木、日月、雍仲等符号与鸟的组合是具有一定普遍性的,它意味着鸟(鹰)图像已经脱离写实性动物图像风格。而进人到宗教符号系统。与托牛、鹿等动物图像相比较,它们显然与超自然的、形象上的观念有更明确的关系,仅从一些鹰图像超凡脱俗、威风康察的形象里,便能感受到它们所具有的神性。
藏北的夏仓岩画里已经能见到鹰与雍仲符号的组合(见图124).但远不及图122这幅涂绘岩画典型。夏仓岩画的这幅岩画,画面上共有两只飞鹰,一只鹰的下方有一条犬,另一只鹰位于其右侧,鹰右侧又有日月符号,右上方为一雍仲符号,是西藏古老文明的代名词。这幅画面里的鹰,表现虽然不那么典型,但它出现了一个非常重要的变化,那就是左边的这只鹰的头上“长了角”,这种“长了角”的鹰是自然界中见不到的,但它在古代象雄苯教里,却是一个重要的宗教符号.因此,这反映出西藏岩画的一个新变化。
更多独立的鸟(鹰)图像的表现,使我们有理由相信在高原的所有动物中,惟有鸟(鹰)这种图像,在岩画的中后期.已不再与其他动物等同,已进人到信仰符号的领域里。也就是说,西藏岩画发展出了一个独特的“鸟祟拜”或“鸟图腾“的系统,这也是乌(鹰)图像在西藏岩画中具有独特地位的原因所在。
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