西汉初年地方上实行郡县封国并存的政治制度,结合史实说明它存在的问题

为了解决这一问题,汉代统治者采取了什么措施?
2025-01-23 10:35:17
推荐回答(4个)
回答1:

汉在实行郡县制的同时,又有封国制的存在,这是同秦最大的相异之处。早在楚汉战争时间,刘邦为了分化项羽的阵营,壮大自己的力量,曾封韩信、英布等为王,这些人因为非刘姓,故称"异姓"。由于异姓王非刘邦嫡系,又雄踞一方,在封立后数年之中,他们相继被诛除殆尽。与此同时,刘邦又大封他的子弟为王,称为"同性王",高于列侯。当时封立的"同姓王"共有9国,他们在封国内是国君,权力很大,其政权与中央基本相同,除太傅和丞相由中央任命外,自御史大夫以下的各级官吏,都由诸侯王自己任命。诸侯王还有一定的军权、财权等。史称"郡国并行制"。
  西汉地方行政区划制度。西汉一代二百年间(前202~公元 8)的疆域和政区变化很大。初期的版图小于秦代,北方的河套地区为匈奴所占有,南方五岭以南为赵佗所割据(见南越),东南(今福建、浙南)地区和西南(今贵州、云南、川西南)地区也脱离了中央政权的管辖。全境只有四十余郡,其中大部分郡属汉高祖刘邦所建立的诸侯王国所有。
  汉初诸侯王国地位远在汉郡之上。景帝三年(前154)平定吴楚七国之乱以后,诸侯王国支郡逐渐被削,诸侯王特权被夺,王国地位降格,与郡同为一级行政区划。汉王朝的地方行政区划遂行郡(国)县两级制,与秦代的单一郡县制实质上没有什么差别。
  文景两代相继执行的以亲制疏和众建诸侯之策,使王国数目增多,领域缩小;景帝悉收王国支郡以属中央,又使汉郡数目激增,至景帝中元六年(前 144),共有王国二十五(西汉一代王国最高数),汉郡四十三。但是版图仍与汉初一样,并未扩大。
  汉武帝以后分全国为司隶部一,刺史部十三,共十四个监察区。上述一百零三郡国即依地域分属这十四部。
  汉高祖刘邦建汉之初,中央机构继承秦制,皇帝之下设三公九卿。在地方上则实行“郡国并行制”,即一方面设郡,另一方面分封同姓子弟为王,建立诸侯国。诸侯国后来逐渐成为割据一方的地方势力。文帝、景帝时,为消除地方势力对中央的威胁,采取了一系列措施。文帝采纳贾谊“众建诸侯而少其力”的建议,把齐国分成六个小王国,把淮南国分为三个小王国,以削弱其力量;景帝采纳晁错“削藩”的建议,削减了几个诸侯王的封区,导致了以吴王刘濞为首的“七国之乱”。“七国之乱”平定后,景帝下令取消了诸侯王的治民权,又减缩诸侯王的统治机构,降低王国官职的等级,使之成为中央直接管理的一级地方行政单位,基本上解决了刘邦实行诸侯王制度的弊病,进一步加强了中央集权。

回答2:

造成了地方权力过大,引发了七国之乱

最后实行推恩令。

回答3:

汉武帝实施推恩令解决此问题

回答4:

发生了七国之乱!

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