推荐回答(1个)
隧道多是钻山凿壁,与大山关系密切。中国自古对大山敬仰,认为大山为山神所有,不容侵犯,否则会引起山神发怒,导致灾难。而在中国影响深远的佛教思想,认为山岳是有佛性的,是神圣洁净的。佛教认为女性生性罪孽深重,蔑视女性,在很多地方的寺庙禁忌女性月经期间进入寺庙,否则是对佛的不敬。
另外隧道的女性禁忌有一些实际和具体的原因。比起一般的工程作业隧道施工有一定的特殊性。首先,隧道多为地下开挖或者钻山凿壁,技术性强,工作强度大,同时具有更多的隐秘性和危险性,对体力和体能的要求更高。隧道施工女性就远不如男性能胜任。此外,由于隧道施工经常是在洞内作业,具有高温闷热等特点。男女同工不方便,比如夏日男性会穿尽量少,有女性在不方便。男女同工容易引发一些不必要的问题。孙双印解释说,隧道内环境隐秘,如若男女整天在一起紧密地劳作容易引发男女问题。这个是隧道禁止女性进入的一个重要原因。
综合起来说,隧道施工的高强度,隐秘性和危险性使得隧道施工对施工者身体条件要求较高。受生理条件的限制,女性在隧道施工中明显呈现出劣势,使得追求利润和效益的工程单位不愿意起用女性,这是隧道女性禁忌的现实原因。出于对女性所象征和代表的各种危险和不祥的规避,同时也是出于对女性健康和养育后代功能的保护,慢慢对女性产生了禁忌。这是隧道女性禁忌的民俗原因。
除了现实利益和民俗思想的影响外,法律对妇女的一系列特殊保护,也促成了这些女性禁忌的产生。从历史和现实来看,对女性提供特殊劳动保护是多数国家的政策和惯例,也是国际劳工组织和妇女组织所一贯倡导的。我国通过《妇女权益保障法》、《劳动法》、《女职工禁忌劳动范围的规定》等,对女职工形成了一系列特殊保护制度。如劳动部颁发的《女职工禁忌劳动范围的规定》第三条规定禁止女性矿山井下作业;还规定女职工生理机能变化期的特殊保护,如经期、已婚待孕期、孕期、产期和哺乳期的保护。
这些法律条文是基于女职工生理机能及身体特点不同于男性,以及养育后代的需要。在同样作业环境下,同样的职业性有害因素将会对女性身体健康产生特殊的不良影响,特别在女性月经、妊娠、分娩、哺乳等生理机能的变化过程中。这种方式对保护女性和提高后代繁衍质量有好处,但在某种程度上已经成为女性广泛就业的障碍。目前有很多国家已经开始解禁,如在美国和荷兰女性已经能够下井作业了。
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