推荐回答(3个)
秦与匈奴基本上是敌对关系。
秦朝统一前,还是战国七雄争霸的时候,中原就一直在和匈奴打仗,北方各国都有自己的长城用来防范匈奴,比如燕长城、赵长城、秦长城等,其中秦国和赵国是两个典型的对匈奴打击力度很大的诸侯国。秦覆灭六国的名将王翦在秦统一中国前就是在北方领兵与匈奴作战;赵国是瓜分晋国的韩赵魏三国中最靠近北疆的诸侯国,常年与匈奴作战,所以赵国的军力在诸侯国中一直是很强大的,也是少有的在战国时期能和秦国抗衡的国家。历史上有名的“胡服骑射”,就是赵武灵王在多年与匈奴斗争中,根据匈奴骑兵的作战方式对本方军队做出的具有历史意义的军事改革,就是从那以后,中原各国争战由以前的以车战为主,慢慢变成了以后来的骑战为主。至于秦统一以后,也依旧和匈奴在常年争战,秦朝大将蒙恬,曾奉命率三十万大军北击匈奴,“却匈奴七百余里,使胡人不敢南下而牧马”。后又镇守北疆十多年,匈奴人闻其名而色变。另外,将原燕长城、赵长城、秦长城连在一起,铸成万里长城的巨大工程,也是由他主持的,目的就是为了防止北方的匈奴南下。
汉朝与匈奴则是有战有和。
从秦朝陈胜吴广起义以来,到楚汉争霸,再到汉朝建立,这段时期内中原混乱,北方匈奴乘机强大起来,并夺回了大片当年被秦国占领的领土。汉朝建立后,韩王信(不是韩信,乃是韩国后裔)谋反,与匈奴勾结南下,刘邦率三十二万汉军北击匈奴,被匈奴大单于冒顿率四十万骑兵围困在白登山达七天七夜,这就是历史上有名的“白登之围”。这次战败后汉朝为休养生息,以宗室之女北嫁匈奴单于冒顿,许以和亲,汉朝每年向匈奴进贡诸多财务,双方结为兄弟之国,关系暂时得到缓和,之后双方之间大多以和亲为主,但小范围摩擦不断,后来匈奴右贤王率大军攻入上郡,双方关系紧张。到汉文帝时,冒顿去世,双方又和好,汉朝又以宗室之女和亲。之后双方又有过多次争战与和亲,至汉武帝时,汉朝空前强大起来,期间与匈奴互有争战,后武帝遣名将卫青、霍去病三次大规模北击匈奴,夺回了河套地区与河西走廊,将汉朝疆域从长城一线推进到了阴山附近,使匈奴王庭远迁漠北,从此一蹶不振,基本解决了秦汉以来匈奴对中原的威胁,并从此奠定了汉强匈弱的局势,但匈奴势力依旧不容小觑。
后来汉宣帝时期,发十六万大军联合西域乌孙国合击匈奴,匈奴大败;次年匈奴欲袭乌孙,恰逢大雪,大军十者还一,被乌孙、乌桓乘势攻击,匈奴国势几乎到了濒临灭亡之际。至汉宣帝甘露年间,匈奴内部五单于争权,后分裂成郅支单于匈奴和呼韩邪单于匈奴两部,其中呼韩邪单于亲往大汉帝都长安,俯首称臣甘做北方藩臣,为大汉牧守北方,这是匈奴与秦汉百余年战和关系的历史性转变。至汉元帝时期,郅支单于匈奴一部被当时任西域太守的陈汤率兵联合呼韩邪单于匈奴一部攻灭,郅支单于匈奴残部远迁西方,受汉朝支持的呼韩邪单于匈奴则回到漠南地区,呼韩邪单于第三次前往长安朝拜汉庭,汉元帝以宫女王嫱许以和亲,这就是后世有名的昭君出塞。
自此以后两汉时期,匈奴始终以汉朝为尊,大漠地区只剩下当年呼韩邪单于子孙所统领的匈奴部族。至东汉初期,匈奴又分裂成南北匈奴,南匈奴单于日逐王乃呼韩邪单于之孙,南下归附汉朝,居于河套地区;北匈奴受蒲奴单于统领,留居漠北。后北匈奴寇边,东汉明帝遣窦固以四路大军在南匈奴支持下将其击败,又遣班超与北匈奴争夺西域控制权。不久汉明帝病死,东汉对匈奴停止用兵,北匈奴战败后因受到南匈奴和鲜卑攻击,势力再衰。至东汉和帝时期,大将窦宪、耿秉率领东汉与南匈奴联军征伐北匈奴,于燕然山勒石而返,北匈奴灭亡,残部向西逃往乌孙和康居等国,而南匈奴依旧依附于汉朝,匈奴与汉朝数百年的争战自此告终。
秦朝与匈奴是敌对的关系,秦朝建立之初,派大将蒙恬北击匈奴,修筑长城, “却匈奴七百余里,胡人不敢南下而牧马”(《过秦论》)。
进入汉朝,汉高祖刘邦想北平匈奴却以“白登之围”失败而告终,又因汉朝初年,百废待兴休养生息,汉朝统治者与匈奴实行和亲政策,以宗室之女北嫁匈奴单于冒顿,许以和亲,汉朝每年向匈奴进贡诸多财务,双方结为兄弟之国,关系暂时得到缓和,之后双方之间大多以和亲为主,但小范围摩擦不断,至汉武帝时,汉朝国力达到鼎盛陆续与匈奴展开战争。公元前127年匈奴南进,汉武帝派大将卫青北击匈奴,收复河套地区;公元前121年,汉派霍去病北击匈奴,匈奴退出河西走廊;公元前119年,派卫青霍去病出击,大败匈奴,匈奴从此迁徙漠北。来自匈奴的威胁暂时缓解。
汉元帝时,将宫女王嫱嫁与南匈奴首领呼韩邪单于,即历史上的“昭君出塞”,密切了汉匈关系,双方和睦相处。
东汉初年匈奴分裂为南北两部,其中南匈奴向汉称臣。公元73年汉明帝(永平十六年)派窦固等四路大军出击,占据伊吾卢城(今哈密)。同年,派班超通西域。
于89年(和帝永元元年)大举征伐北匈奴,窦宪、耿秉率军与南匈 奴军会师,北单于大败逃走,90年再击北匈奴,北单于受伤逃走。91年汉军又出击金微山(今阿尔泰山)大败北匈奴 军,北单于率残部西逃乌孙与康居,开始了西迁的历程。从此对汉朝的威胁基本上完全解除。
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