推荐回答(1个)
电场
1.两种电荷、电荷守恒定律、元电荷:(e=1.60×10-19C);带电体电荷量等于元电荷的整数倍
2.库仑定律:F=kQ1Q2/r2(在真空中){F:点电荷间的作用力(N),k:静电力常量k=9.0×109N?m2/C2,Q1、Q2:两点电荷的电量(C),
r:两点电荷间的距离(m),方向在它们的连线上,作用力与反作用力,同种电荷互相排斥,异种电荷互相吸引}
3.电场强度:E=F/q(定义式、计算式){E:电场强度(N/C),是矢量(电场的叠加原理),q:检验电荷的电量(C)}
4.真空点(源)电荷形成的电场E=kQ/r2 {r:源电荷到该位置的距离(m),Q:源电荷的电量}
5.匀强电场的场强E=UAB/d {UAB:AB两点间的电压(V),d:AB两点在场强方向的距离(m)}
6.电场力:F=qE {F:电场力(N),q:受到电场力的电荷的电量(C),E:电场强度(N/C)}
7.电势与电势差:UAB=φA-φB,UAB=WAB/q=-ΔEAB/q
8.电场力做功:WAB=qUAB=Eqd{WAB:带电体由A到B时电场力所做的功(J),q:带电量(C),
UAB:电场中A、B两点间的电势差(V)(电场力做功与路径无关),E:匀强电场强度,d:两点沿场强方向的距离(m)}
9.电势能:EA=qφA {EA:带电体在A点的电势能(J),q:电量(C),φA:A点的电势(V)}
10.电势能的变化ΔEAB=EB-EA {带电体在电场中从A位置到B位置时电势能的差值}
11.电场力做功与电势能变化ΔEAB=-WAB=-qUAB (电势能的增量等于电场力做功的负值)
12.电容C=Q/U(定义式,计算式) {C:电容(F),Q:电量(C),U:电压(两极板电势差)(V)}
13.平行板电容器的电容C=εS/4πkd(S:两极板正对面积,d:两极板间的垂直距离,ω:介电常数)
常见电容器
14.带电粒子在电场中的加速(Vo=0):W=ΔEK或qU=mVt2/2,Vt=(2qU/m)1/2
15.带电粒子沿垂直电场方向以速度Vo进入匀强电场时的偏转(不考虑重力作用的情况下)
类平 垂直电场方向:匀速直线运动L=Vot(在带等量异种电荷的平行极板中:E=U/d)
抛运动 平行电场方向:初速度为零的匀加速直线运动d=at2/2,a=F/m=qE/m
注:
(1)两个完全相同的带电金属小球接触时,电量分配规律:原带异种电荷的先中和后平分,原带同种电荷的总量平分;
(2)电场线从正电荷出发终止于负电荷,电场线不相交,切线方向为场强方向,电场线密处场强大,顺着电场线电势越来越低,电场线与等势线垂直;
3)常见电场的电场线分布要求熟记;
(4)电场强度(矢量)与电势(标量)均由电场本身决定,而电场力与电势能还与带电体带的电量多少和电荷正负有关;
(5)处于静电平衡导体是个等势体,表面是个等势面,导体外表面附近的电场线垂直于导体表面,导体内部合场强为零,
导体内部没有净电荷,净电荷只分布于导体外表面;
(6)电容单位换算:1F=106μF=1012PF;
(7)电子伏(eV)是能量的单位,1eV=1.60×10-19J;
(8)其它相关内容:静电屏蔽/示波管、示波器及其应用等势面。
七、恒定电流
1.电流强度:I=q/t{I:电流强度(A),q:在时间t内通过导体横载面的电量(C),t:时间(s)}
2.欧姆定律:I=U/R {I:导体电流强度(A),U:导体两端电压(V),R:导体阻值(Ω)}
3.电阻、电阻定律:R=ρL/S{ρ:电阻率(Ω?m),L:导体的长度(m),S:导体横截面积(m2)}
4.闭合电路欧姆定律:I=E/(r+R)或E=Ir+IR也可以是E=U内+U外
{I:电路中的总电流(A),E:电源电动势(V),R:外电路电阻(Ω),r:电源内阻(Ω)}
5.电功与电功率:W=UIt,P=UI{W:电功(J),U:电压(V),I:电流(A),t:时间(s),P:电功率(W)}
6.焦耳定律:Q=I2Rt{Q:电热(J),I:通过导体的电流(A),R:导体的电阻值(Ω),t:通电时间(s)}
7.纯电阻电路中:由于I=U/R,W=Q,因此W=Q=UIt=I2Rt=U2t/R
8.电源总动率、电源输出功率、电源效率:P总=IE,P出=IU,η=P出/P总
{I:电路总电流(A),E:电源电动势(V),U:路端电压(V),η:电源效率}
9.电路的串/并联 串联电路(P、U与R成正比) 并联电路(P、I与R成反比)
电阻关系(串同并反) R串=R1+R2+R3+ 1/R并=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+
电流关系 I总=I1=I2=I3 I并=I1+I2+I3+
电压关系 U总=U1+U2+U3+ U总=U1=U2=U3
功率分配 P总=P1+P2+P3+ P总=P1+P2+P3+
10.欧姆表测电阻
(1)电路组成 (2)测量原理
两表笔短接后,调节Ro使电表指针满偏,得
Ig=E/(r+Rg+Ro)
接入被测电阻Rx后通过电表的电流为
Ix=E/(r+Rg+Ro+Rx)=E/(R中+Rx)
由于Ix与Rx对应,因此可指示被测电阻大小
(3)使用方法:机械调零、选择量程、欧姆调零、测量读数{注意挡位(倍率)}、拨off挡。
(4)注意:测量电阻时,要与原电路断开,选择量程使指针在中央附近,每次换挡要重新短接欧姆调零。
11.伏安法测电阻
电流表内接法: 电流表外接法:
电压表示数:U=UR+UA 电流表示数:I=IR+IV
Rx的测量值=U/I=(UA+UR)/IR=RA+Rx>R真 Rx的测量值=U/I=UR/(IR+IV)=RVRx/(RV+R)选用电路条件Rx>>RA [或Rx>(RARV)1/2] 选用电路条件Rx<12.滑动变阻器在电路中的限流接法与分压接法
限流接法
电压调节范围小,电路简单,功耗小 电压调节范围大,电路复杂,功耗较大
便于调节电压的选择条件Rp>Rx 便于调节电压的选择条件Rp注1)单位换算:1A=103mA=106μA;1kV=103V=106mA;1MΩ=103kΩ=106Ω
(2)各种材料的电阻率都随温度的变化而变化,金属电阻率随温度升高而增大;
(3)串联总电阻大于任何一个分电阻,并联总电阻小于任何一个分电阻;
(4)当电源有内阻时,外电路电阻增大时,总电流减小,路端电压增大;
(5)当外电路电阻等于电源电阻时,电源输出功率最大,此时的输出功率为E2/(2r);
(6)其它相关内容:电阻率与温度的关系半导体及其应用超导及其应用〔见第二册P127〕。
八、磁场
1.磁感应强度是用来表示磁场的强弱和方向的物理量,是矢量,单位T),1T=1N/A?m
2.安培力F=BIL;(注:L⊥B) {B:磁感应强度(T),F:安培力(F),I:电流强度(A),L:导线长度(m)}
3.洛仑兹力f=qVB(注V⊥B);质谱仪{f:洛仑兹力(N),q:带电粒子电量(C),V:带电粒子速度(m/s)}
4.在重力忽略不计(不考虑重力)的情况下,带电粒子进入磁场的运动情况(掌握两种):
(1)带电粒子沿平行磁场方向进入磁场:不受洛仑兹力的作用,做匀速直线运动V=V0
(2)带电粒子沿垂直磁场方向进入磁场:做匀速圆周运动,规律如下a)F向=f洛=mV2/r=mω2r=mr(2π/T)2=qVB
;r=mV/qB;T=2πm/qB;(b)运动周期与圆周运动的半径和线速度无关,洛仑兹力对带电粒子不做功(任何情况下);
©解题关键:画轨迹、找圆心、定半径、圆心角(=二倍弦切角)。
注:(1)安培力和洛仑兹力的方向均可由左手定则判定,只是洛仑兹力要注意带电粒子的正负;
(2)磁感线的特点及其常见磁场的磁感线分布要掌握;
(3)其它相关内容:地磁场/磁电式电表原理/回旋加速器/磁性材料
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