推荐回答(1个)
例3.把一个1.5欧的电阻与一个用电器串联后接到电压是7伏的电源上,要想使用电器消耗的功率是8瓦,则这个电源供给用电器的电流可能是( )
A. 2安 B. 3.5安 C. 2.67安 D. 2.31安
[解析]
本题将用电器消耗功率P限定为8瓦,其所加电压U、通过电流I和自身电阻R均不知,用电器是与1.5欧的电阻串联在7伏电源上的,通过用电器的电流和整个电路中的电流相同,I1=I2,即 ,解得用电器的电阻分别为R=2欧和R=1.125欧,代入 可得电流强度的可能值为I=2安和I=2.67安。正确选项为A、C。
例4. 一盏电灯接到220V的电源上使用时,功率为100W,如果将这个电源连上长导线,
再接这盏灯使用,它的功率为81W,求导线上消耗的电功率?
[解析]
灯光电压U=220V时的功率P=100W,功率为 时的电压为U′,且灯泡电阻不变。根据P=U2/R,得:P/P′=U2/U1,所以
。这时,灯泡两端的电压U灯=I灯R灯=484Ω×9/22=198V。这时,加在导线上的电压为:U导=U-U灯=220V-198V=22V。则导线上消耗的电功率是P导/P′=IU导/IU′(灯泡、导线I相同),P导=22V×81W/198V=9W。∴导线上消耗的功率为9瓦。
例5.将灯L接到电压为U的电路上时,灯的电功率为25瓦,若将灯L与一个电阻R串联后仍接在原电路上时,灯L消耗的电功率为16瓦,设灯丝电阻不变,则此电阻消耗的电功率是( )
A. 2瓦 B. 4瓦 C. 8瓦 D. 9瓦
[解析]
此题目为两种电路状态,即灯L直接接在电源两端,PL=25W,此状态可列出方程PL=U 2/RL=25W,当灯L与电阻R串联后接到原电路中,灯L两端电压为U2,此状态可列出方程 ,将此二方程求比:
,则U/UL=5/4,UL/UR=4/1,根据分压公式:UL/UR=RL/R=4/1,在串联电路中,PL/PR=RL/R=4/1,则PR=4W。正确答案为B。
例6. 如图1所示的电路,电源电压雹弯稿保持不变,当开关S闭合时,电流表的示数是0.5
安。开关断开后,电压表的示数是4伏,电阻R2的功率是0.2瓦。则此时电流的示数是
安。
[解析]
此题目为两种电路状态,其一是当开关S闭合时,R2被局部短路,R1′直接接电源两端,电路中的电流为0.5安。由此状态可到方程I1=U/R1=0.5A。当开关S断开后,R1和R2串联为第二种电路状态,此时伏特表测得R1两端电压U1=4V。电阻R2的功率P2为1.2瓦。由第二种状态中电流相等,可列得方程:I2=U1/R1和I2=P2/(U-U1),即4V/R1=1.2W/(U-4V)。由第一、第二状态所列方程联立可解得R1=20Ω。代入I2=U1/R1=4V/20Ω=0.2A。正确答案为“0.2”。
例7. 将一盏灯接在电源电压不变的电路中使用时,它的电功率是40瓦。如果将灯L跟电阻R串联后接到同一电源上,电阻R10秒内电流做了36焦耳的功,此时灯的功率是 瓦。(RL>R)
[解析]
此题目的电路状态为两个。其一是灯L直接接到电源两端,则灯的功率为40W。由此状态可列出方程PL=U 2/RL=40W。其二是灯L和R串联后再接入原电路,电阻R的功率为PR=WR/t=36J/10S=3.6W,则PR=I2R=(U/(R+RL))2•R=3.6W,由两种状态所列方程求比PL/PR=(R+RL)2/R•RL=40W/3.6W,可求得RL/R=9/1和RL/R=1/9(据题意舍)。在串联电路中PL′/PR=RL/R=9/1,∴PL′=9PR=9×3.6W=32.4W。正确答案为“32.4”闹前。
例8.甲、乙灯泡串联接入电压一定的电路中,甲灯的功率为P甲,乙灯的功率为P乙;若把甲灯和乙灯并联接入同一电路中,则甲灯的功源孝率为 。
[解析]
当两灯串联接入电压一定的电路中,甲、乙两灯的功率分别为P甲、P乙,P甲=U2/R甲, ;甲、乙两灯并联在电路中,P甲′=U2/R甲。所以
P甲′/P甲=U2/R甲÷U甲2/R甲=(U/U甲)2= ,
∴ 。
例9. 把额定电压是4.8伏的小灯泡和定值电阻R并联在某一电
路中,灯泡正常发光,干路中的电流是1.2安。若把它们串联在另一电路中,小灯泡的实际功率是它额定功率的
1/4,这时定值电阻R消耗的电功率是0.24瓦。则小灯泡的额定功率是多少瓦?
[解析]
根据P=I2R
,∴
由并联电路 ①
由串联电路电流相等 ②
联立①②可解得:I=0.4A,PL=U•I1=1.92W.
例10.如图3所示,R1=10欧,R2的最大电阻值为30欧,电源电压值为8伏,求变阻器R2连入电路的电阻为多大时,R2上消耗的电功率最大?最大为多少?
[解析]
设R2连入电路中的电阻为Rx时,其消耗的电功率最大为P,根据P=I2R有:
P=I2Rx=(U/(Rx+R1))2•Rx, ,根据数学上方程 ,有实数根时,△=b2-4ac≥0求解。将上式整理为关于Rx的一元二次方程 ,因为Rx存在且有正根,所以△=(20P-64)2-4×P×100P≥0,解不等式得P≥1.6瓦,所以R2消耗的最大电功率为1.6瓦,将P=1.6瓦代入原方程可以求得Rx=10Ω。
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