15 构成法:一个名词如果表示一个或一样东西,它取单数形式,如pen,dog,tree,fact,church,kiss.如果表示两个或更多这类东西,则需用名词的复数形式,如pens,dogs,trees,facts,churches,kisses.构成名词复数,大多数是在单数形式后加-s或-es,有下面6种情况:
a.在单数形式后直接加-s:
girl girls hat hats
neck necks tree trees
pencil pencils kind kings
b.如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加-es:
kiss kisses church churches
fox foxes match matches
tax taxes watch watches
dish dishes branch branches
brush brushes buzz buzzes
c.以y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es:
lady ladies army armies
baby babies story stories
soliloquy soliloquies colloquy colloquies
如果y前还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s:
day days key keys
boy boys monkey monkeys
d.以o结尾的词,多数加-s:
demo demos inferno infernos
kilo kilos tempo tempos
cello cellos memo memos
banjo banjos octavo octavos
piano pianos canto cantos
dynamo dynamos tobacco tobaccos
solo solos photo photos
cameo cameos ratio ratios
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s:curios,rodeos,bamboos,tattoos,…
但有少数以o 结尾的词后需加-es:
echo,echoes; embargo,embargoes; jingo,jingoes; torpe- do;torpedoes;veto,vetoes;hero,heroes;negro,ne-groes;potato,potatoes;mosquito,mosquitoes;go,goes;no,noes;motto,mottoes.
其他以o结尾的词,一般既可加-s,也可加-es:
zero,zeros,zeroes;halo,halos,haloes;mango,mangos,mangoes.此外还有:motto;tornado;volcano;cargo;buffalo;commando.
e.以f或fe结尾的词,多数直接加-s:
chief chiefs reef reefs
cliff cliffs cuff cuffs
roof roofs fife fifes
belief beliefs safe safes
gulf gulfs strife strifes
但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加es:
elf elves leaf leaves
calf calves thlef thleves
shelf shelves loaf loaves
half halves life lives
self selves wife wives
wolf wolves knife knives
有个别名词,可加-s或-es:
hoof hoofs,hooves wharf wharfs,wharves
scarf scarfs,scarves dwarf dwarfs,dwarves
beef beefs,beeves staff staffs,staves
16 词尾读音:-s或-es 可读作[s],[iz]或[z]:
a.在清辅音(Voiceless Consonant)后读[s],如:
cups[k)ps],shapes[Meips],hats [h$ts],dates[deits],dochs[d&ks],lakes[leiks],monarchs['m&n+ks],fifes[faifs],roofs[ru:fs],laughs[la:fs],coughs[k&fs],pho-tographs ['f+t+gra:fs].
在th后多数读[s],如: cloths[kl&Is],month[m)nIs],myths[miIs].但在少数情况下也读[z],如:
path[pa:I],paths[pa: J z]
oath[+uI],oaths[+uJz]
mouth[mauI],mouths[mauJz]
wreath[ri:I],wreaths[ri:Jz]
bath[ba:I],baths[ba:Jz]
th 前有长元音或双元音时读作: youths[ju:Jz],truths[truJz],sheaths[Mi:Jz].
b.在s,z,M,tM,DN等音后读[iz]:
kisses['kisiz] foxes['f&ksiz]
dishes['diMiz] churches['tM+:tMiz]
languages['l$Rgwidziz] roses['r+uziz]
c.在其他情况下均读[z],如:
dogs[d&gz],pens[penz],boys[b&iz],girls[g+:lz],names[neimz],cities['sitiz],ways[weiz].
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.