推荐回答(3个)
1,《牡丹亭》的思想意义:
《牡丹亭》的主题有着强烈的时代意义。明代是我国封建社会的衰落时期,统治阶级已经变得更加顽固和腐朽。他们竭力鼓吹程朱理学,高唱“女德”,表彰贞节,杜丽娘和柳梦梅的爱情,表达了挣脱封建牢笼,追求自由恋爱的美好向往。
2,《牡丹亭》的艺术成就:
一,浪漫主义手法引入传奇贺散春创作:
首先,贯穿整个作品的是杜丽娘对理想的强烈追求。
其次,艺术构思具有离奇跌宕的幻想色彩,使情节离奇,曲折变。
再次,从“情”的理想高度来观察生活和表现人物。
二,在人物塑造方面注重展示人物的内心世界。
注重展示人物的内心世界,发掘人物内心幽微细密的情感,禅耐使之形神毕露,从而赋予人物形象以鲜明的性格特征和深刻的文化内涵。如“原来姹紫嫣红开遍,似这般都付与断井颓垣。良辰美景奈何天,赏心乐事谁家院?朝飞暮卷,掘戚云霞翠轩,雨丝风片,烟波画船。锦屏人忒看的这韶光贱! ”——《牡丹亭·惊梦》〔皂罗袍〕就把大家闺秀的内心世界精细地展示了出来。
三,语言浓丽华艳,意境深远。
全剧采用抒情诗的笔法,倾泻人物的情感。另一方面,具有奇巧、尖新、陡峭、纤细的语言风格。这些特点向来深受肯定。一些唱词直至今日,仍然脍炙人口。表现出很高的艺术水准。
一是以情反理,反对处于正统地位的[3],肯定和提倡人的自由权利和情感价值,褒扬像杜丽娘这样的有情之人,从而拨开了正统理学的迷雾,在受迫害最深的女性胸间吹拂起阵阵和熙清新的春风。身处明代社会的广大女性,确实有如生活在水深火热的监牢之中。一方面是上层社会的寻欢作乐、纵欲无度;另一方面是统治阶级对女性的高度防范与严厉禁锢。用程朱理学来遏止人欲毕竟过于抽象,于是便用太后、皇妃的《女鉴》、《内则》和《女训》来教化妇女。当然最为直接。生动、具备强烈示范意义的举措是树立贞节牌坊。明代的贞节牌坊立得最多,这些牌坊下所镇压着的,是一个个贞节女性的斑斑血泪和痛苦不堪的灵魂。《明史·烈女传》实收308人,估计全国烈女至少有万人以上。一出《牡丹亭》,温暖了多少女性的心房!封建卫道士们痛感“此词一出,使天下多少闺女失节”,“其间点染风流,惟恐一女子不销魂,一方人不失节”(黄正元《欲海前者慈航》),这正是慑于《牡丹亭》意欲解救天下弱女子之强烈震撼力慧备薯的嘤嘤哀鸣。
二是崇尚个性解放,突破禁欲主义。肯定了青春的美好、爱情的崇高以及生死相随的美满结合。千金小姐杜丽娘尚且能突破自身的心理防线,逾越家庭与社会的层层障碍,勇敢迈过贞节关、鬼门关和朝廷的金门槛,这是对许多正在情关面前止步甚至后缩的女性们的深刻启示与巨大鼓舞,是振聋发聩的闪电惊雷。杜丽娘的处滚亩境原是那般艰难。父亲拘管得那么严密,她连刺绣之馀倦眠片刻,都要受到严父的呵责,并连带埋怨其“娘亲失教”。请教师讲书,原也是为了从儒教经典方面进一步拘束女儿的身心。可怜杜丽娘长到如花岁月,竟连家中偌大的一座后花园都未曾去过;这华堂玉室,也恰如监牢一般……所以禁锢极深的杜丽娘反抗也极烈,做梦、做鬼、做人都体现出“至情”无限。
三是在商业经济日益增长、市民阶层不断壮大的新形势下,对于正在兴起的个性解放思潮起了推波助澜的作用。汤显祖所师事的泰州学派、所服膺的李贽学说乃至达观的救世言行,都是市民社会发展的必然产物。汤显祖没有像李贽、达观那样去硬拼,但他也在文学艺术领域开辟了思想解放、个性张扬的新战场。
思想意义:剧本通过杜丽娘和柳梦梅生死不渝的爱情,歌颂了男女青年在追求自由幸福的爱情生活上所作的不屈不挠的斗争,表达了挣脱封建牢笼、粉碎宋明理学枷锁,追求个性解放、向往理想迟陆生活的朦胧愿望。
艺术成就:《牡丹亭》是明代大戏曲家汤显祖的代表作,与《西厢记》、《长生殿》昌旦森、《桃花扇》一起被誉为“四大名剧”,它们体现了我国古代戏剧作品的最高成就耐亩。
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